Question

有没有哪位高人英语特别好的，帮我翻译一下论文，把中文翻译成英文，非常感谢！

与之相比，中国古典悲剧的主人公在悲剧冲突中往往处于被动地位，任凭命运或邪恶势力的摆布。窦娥她3岁丧母，7岁到蔡婆家作童养媳，17岁结婚，不到两年又夫死守寡。她不但遭受着地痞无赖的欺辱，而且最终被官府无端杀害。她的一生正是人们悲惨遭遇的真实写照。就悲剧角色的内部冲突来说，窦娥也缺乏想哈姆雷特的丰盈深沉，矛盾复杂的内心冲突。她的心灵世界几乎没有理性的闪光，几乎没有左冲右突，扣人心弦的矛盾斗争。她虽然感叹：“满腹闲愁，数年禁受，天知否？天若是知我情由，怕不待和天瘦，”却始终把自身的不幸归结为命运的安排。其实，她是把自己的生命献给了儒家的伦理道德。她为了使婆婆免遭毒打，轻易地放弃了自己的生命，“住住住，休打我婆婆，情愿我招了罢。”她没有象哈姆雷特一样，发出“生存还是毁灭”的感叹，没有围绕生与死的人生困惑，进而考虑个体生存的困境。她只是不想让婆婆遭罪，是因为她的孝顺。孝道作为封建社会伦理道德的核心。早在春秋战国时代，在尊老敬老方面就已经形成了比较完整的思想体系、伦理道德观念和基本的规范。孝作为华夏民族传统的道德观念，经孔孟儒学的发挥，以及历代帝王的提倡，确实是深人民心，难以动摇。因此，早已在窦娥心中根深蒂固的孝道思想促使她可以为了婆婆的生死安危牺牲自己。
由此可见，西方悲剧的冲突是人与无法制服的异己力量的抗争与冲突。而中国古典悲剧往往是善与恶，忠与奸，压迫与被压迫的鲜明对比构成冲突。
4、不同的悲剧结局
中西悲剧的结局也有很大差异。西方悲剧的结局是英雄用生命去斗争。别林斯基认为，英雄在结局必须死去，“如果没有这个牺牲或死亡，她就不成其为英雄，便不能以自己个人为代价实现永恒的本体力量，实现世界的不可逾越的生存法则。”（别林斯基，443页） 哈姆雷特在悲剧结束时正是这样，他用自己最后一点力气用手中的毒剑击中了克劳迪斯，而他自己也毒发身亡了。“生存还是毁灭”必须选择其一时，哈姆雷特选择用自己的生命来证明斗争的彻底性及其重大意义。他悲壮地死去，他的敌人也化作乌有。通过这场毁灭性的斗争，使人们相信，“人是多么了不起的一件作品！理性是多么的高贵！力量是多么的无穷!仪表和举止是多么端整，多么出色！论行动，多么像天使！论了解，多么像天神！宇宙之华！万物之灵！”
中国传统悲剧讲究先苦后甜，苦尽甘来，所以结局往往是“大团圆”。朱光潜先生曾经指出：“随便翻开一个剧本，不管主要人物处于多么悲惨的境地，你尽管可以放心，结局一定是皆大欢喜。”(朱光潜，545页)《窦娥冤》的结局“皆大欢喜”是借助了一种外在力量来实现。窦娥被无辜杀害临死她发了三桩誓愿，这三桩誓愿都是自然界的反常现象，却因为窦娥的冤屈在悲剧相继都实现了，让人“皆大欢喜”。

Answer 1

By contrast, the hero of the Chinese classical tragedy in tragedy conflict often in a passive position, let fate or at the mercy of the forces of evil. DouE her mother's death at age 3, 7 years old to be the husband's family belongings child bride, CAI 17 years old married, less than two years and husband dead widowhood. She not only suffer from ground PI rogue powers, and was eventually rulers are killed. Her life is something people miserable true portraiture. Is the role of tragedy for internal conflict, DouE also lack the deep, rich to Hamlet contradiction complex inner conflict. Her mind world almost no rational flash, almost no left blunt right sudden, the contradiction of the thrilling fight. Although she sighed: "paranoia worry, several years idle, heaven knows what? Day if I know his case, afraid of not stay and day thin," but always own misfortune comes down to his fate. In fact, she is put their own lives to the Confucian ethics. In order to make her mother-in-law from beaten, easily give up of his own life, "stay with live, Hugh, let me play my mother-in-law recruited." " She didn't like as Hamlet, send out "to be or not to be" exclamation, no around the living and the dead, and then consider life confused individual survival situation. She just don't want to let the mother-in-law suffer because of her, filial piety. Filial piety as the core of the feudal social ethics. Early in the spring and autumn and the warring states era, in respect for the respect old aspects could have formed relatively complete thought system, ethics and morality and the basic standard. As Chinese traditional filial piety the moral concept of Confucius, the Confucianism of the play, and the promotion of the emperors, is really deep people's heart, and it is hard to shake. Therefore, in DouE deeply rooted in the heart of the already filial ideology prompted her to her mother-in-law's life and death can sacrifice his own safety.

This shows, the western tragedy conflict is the uniform of the people and not the alien force opposition and conflict. And Chinese classical tragedy often is good and evil, loyalty and betrayal, oppression and the oppressed bright contrast constitute a conflict.

4, different sad ending

Chinese and western the catastrophe of a tragedy also have very big difference. Western tragic end is a hero with the life to fight. BieLinSiJi think, hero in the end must die, "without the sacrifice or death, she is a hero, cannot to yourself for the price of the eternal forces, realize ontology to meet the world's insurmountable survival law." (BieLinSiJi, page 443) Hamlet in at the end of a tragedy is such, his last effort by the hands of the poison sword hit claudius, and he himself also poison hair and died. "To be or not to be" must choose the time, Hamlet choose your own life to prove in the struggle and the important significance of thoroughness. He died tragically heroic, his enemies, and into nothingness. Through this devastating struggle, make people believe that "man is how great a piece of works!!!!!!!!!! How noble is rational power is how of infinite! Instruments and manners are the whole, how how well the theory, how like action!!!!!!!!!! The angel of understanding how like god, of the cosmic China!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! The soul of the universe"

Chinese traditional tragedy exquisite business before pleasure, the sunshine, so end is often "ending". Mr. Zhu guangqin once pointed out: "literally turn over a play, no matter how the main character in a tragic situation, even while you can rest assured, and the end, must be happy." (zhu guangqin, page 545) the DouE cause "end" happy "is a kind of external forces with to realize. DouE be innocent dying killed her off three piles, the three affirmation pile is nature's affirmation an abnormal phenomenon, but because of the crushing of the DouE in tragedy have either realize, let the person "happy".

Answer 2

In order to consolidate political status, the founder of the Ming Yuanzhang Zhu emperor had taken a series of measures to punish corrupt officials, with particular emphasis the role of law in punishing corrupt officials. These measures were not possible to fundamentally curb corruption existed, but it undoubtedly played an important role to the early Ming socio-economic prosperity and consolidation of the political status.

Answer 3

In order to consolidate political status, the founder of the Ming Yuanzhang Zhu emperor had taken a series of measures to punish corrupt officials, with particular emphasis the role of law in punishing corrupt officials. These measures were not possible to fundamentally curb corruption existed, but it undoubtedly played an important role to the early Ming socio-economic prosperity and consolidation of the political status.