怎样判断宾语从句和定语从句
置于动词、介词等词性后面,在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。宾语从句分为三类:动词的宾语从句,介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句。定语从句是用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的,被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。
宾语从句用法
1.宾语从句引导词
(1)当由陈述句来充当宾语从句时,用that引导,that无意义常省略。
a.I’m sure(that)he will get the job.我相信他会得到那份工作的。
b.He tells me(that)he will work hard this term.他告诉我这学期他将努力学习。
(2)需要注意宾语从句否定意义的转移
若主句的谓语动词是think,believe,suppose,guess等词,而且主句的主语是第一人称时,如果从句谓语是否定的,一般要将否定词not转移至主句谓语上去,而将从句谓语改为肯定形式。例如:
a.I don’t think he has time to come to the party.我认为他没有时间来参加聚会。
(3)当由特殊疑问句做宾语从句时,引导词由原来的特殊疑问词来充当。有意义不能省略。从句的语序要用陈述语序,句末的标点符号由主句决定,常出现的特殊疑问词:when,why,how,where,who,whom,whose,which,what等。
a.He asks How can they get to school?
He asks how they can get to school?他问他们怎么去学校?
b.Do you know?When did he but this pen?
Do you know when he bought this pen?你知道他什么时候买的这支钢笔吗?
(4)当一般疑问句充当宾语从句时,用if或whether引导,意为“是否”“是不是”“能否”。
a.He asks me if/whether he can come.他问我他是否能来。
b.I’m not sure if/whether she will help me.
我不确定她是否会帮助我。
c.Do you know if/whether the train will arrive on time?你知道火车是否会准时到达吗?
2.宾语从句要用陈述句语序
宾语从句的语序必须是陈述语序。所谓陈述语序就是指宾语从句中主语一定要放在谓语动词之前。
(1)Do you know why winter is colder than summer?你知道为什么冬天比夏天冷吗?
(2)Can you tell me what your name is?你能告诉我你叫什么名字吗?
定语从句用法
(一)关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1.who,whom,whose,that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下:
(1)Is he the man who/that wants to see you?他就是想见你的人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语)
(2)He is the man whom/that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语)
2.Whose用来指人或物,(只用作定语,若指物,它还可以同of which互换),例如:
(1)They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙。
(2)Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.请递给我那本绿皮的书。
3.which,that
它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,例如:
(1)A prosperity which/that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.农村出现了前所未 有的繁荣。(which/that在从句中作主语)
(2)The package which/that you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.你拿的包快散了。(which/that 在从句中作宾语)
(二)关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。
1.when,where,why
关系副词when,where,why的含义相当于"介词+which"结构,因此常常和"介词+which"结构交替使用。
(1)There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
(2)Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.北京是我的出生地。
(3)Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?
2.that代替关系副词
(1)that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when,where,why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句,在非正式文体中that常被省略(正式文体中不可省略),例如:
(2)His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born.他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
(3)He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago.他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。