有谁能帮我翻译这篇英文啊~~急用啊~~
这篇是有关于罗马法在欧洲中世纪的复兴的~~~请帮我翻译一下~~谢谢~TheUniversityinEuropeandtheIuscommune1.TheschoolofI...
这篇是有关于罗马法在欧洲中世纪的复兴的~~~请帮我翻译一下~~谢谢~
The University in Europe and the Ius commune
1.The school of Irnerius and the Myth of Bologna
During the eleventh century and at the start of the twelfth century,there were still few schools.Monasteries and episcopal seats were active in providing elementary and secondary schooling,but it is very unclear whether or not further instruction on a private basis was given in the house of a magister to small groups of zealous young men eager to improve their store,of juridical knoeledge after their basic course of studies in the “liberal arts”,in particular,in the “trivium”of grammar,rhetoric,and dialectic.
One thing is clear:one school soon stood out from the rest for its importance and its reputation.It emerged as the best because it alone concentrated exclusively on the study of law and on reading the legislative texts of Justinain.These texts,which had been rediscovered and recomposed and had become the libri legales par excellence,enabled students to regard the law as a new science distinct from(though not separate from)the arts of the trivium,on the one hand,and theology and ethics,on the other.
This school was Irnerius's .We know little about Irnerius's pupils.Ther may have been many of them,but only four have left abundant and reliable traces,either as a“group”that historians call the “Four Doctors”(although the title of “doctor”is surely inaccurate) or as individuals.Two of the Four Doctors founded prominent schools with a methodology of their own and a unique personality;two seem simply to have been lost to memory in later tradition.The two more important jurists were Bulgarus and Martinus,men to whom later writers credit bitterly opposed positions;the other two were Jacobus(legend tells us that the dying Irnerius indicated him as his ture spirirual heir and principal successor) and Hugo.
This first and fundamental development,which gave autonomy not only to the scientia of the law but also to the places-the scholae-in which that“science”was cultivated and transmitte,took place in Bologna.Furthermore,the names of Irnerius and Bologna were intertwined:the man immediately becaume a myth;the city won immediate fame through him.even though the city ha already become known as a center of studies and was called docta before Irnerius's death in 1130. 展开
The University in Europe and the Ius commune
1.The school of Irnerius and the Myth of Bologna
During the eleventh century and at the start of the twelfth century,there were still few schools.Monasteries and episcopal seats were active in providing elementary and secondary schooling,but it is very unclear whether or not further instruction on a private basis was given in the house of a magister to small groups of zealous young men eager to improve their store,of juridical knoeledge after their basic course of studies in the “liberal arts”,in particular,in the “trivium”of grammar,rhetoric,and dialectic.
One thing is clear:one school soon stood out from the rest for its importance and its reputation.It emerged as the best because it alone concentrated exclusively on the study of law and on reading the legislative texts of Justinain.These texts,which had been rediscovered and recomposed and had become the libri legales par excellence,enabled students to regard the law as a new science distinct from(though not separate from)the arts of the trivium,on the one hand,and theology and ethics,on the other.
This school was Irnerius's .We know little about Irnerius's pupils.Ther may have been many of them,but only four have left abundant and reliable traces,either as a“group”that historians call the “Four Doctors”(although the title of “doctor”is surely inaccurate) or as individuals.Two of the Four Doctors founded prominent schools with a methodology of their own and a unique personality;two seem simply to have been lost to memory in later tradition.The two more important jurists were Bulgarus and Martinus,men to whom later writers credit bitterly opposed positions;the other two were Jacobus(legend tells us that the dying Irnerius indicated him as his ture spirirual heir and principal successor) and Hugo.
This first and fundamental development,which gave autonomy not only to the scientia of the law but also to the places-the scholae-in which that“science”was cultivated and transmitte,took place in Bologna.Furthermore,the names of Irnerius and Bologna were intertwined:the man immediately becaume a myth;the city won immediate fame through him.even though the city ha already become known as a center of studies and was called docta before Irnerius's death in 1130. 展开
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该大学在欧洲和国际学联公社
1 。学校的irnerius和神话博洛尼亚
在11世纪,并在开始的12世纪,但还是有少数schools.monasteries和主教座位积极提供小学和中学上学,但它是非常不清楚有没有进一步的指示,对私人的基础上给出了在房子一间magister ,以小团体的热心青年男子渴望改善他们的商店,法人knoeledge后,其基础课程的学习,在"自由艺术" ,特别是在" trivium "的语法,修辞,辩证的。
有一件事是明确的:一所学校,尽快站出来,从其余部分用于其重要性和reputation.it成为最好的,因为它仅集中于学法和对读立法文本justinain.these文本,其中已重新发现和重新组合,并已成为其图书legales出色,使学生把法律作为一种新的科学有别于(虽然不是分开)艺术的trivium ,一方面,与神学道德的,对另一方。
这所学校irnerius的,我们知之不多, irnerius的pupils.ther可能已被他们中的许多人,但只有4人留下丰富和可靠的痕迹,要么是一个"小组"的史学家称之为"四个医生" (虽然被尊为"医生"肯定是不准确的) ,或作为individuals.two的四名医生创立知名学校与方法论,他们自己的和独特的个性;两个似乎根本已失去记忆,在后来tradition.the两个更重要的法学家分别为bulgarus和martinus ,男人向谁后作家信用强烈反对立场;另外两个jacobus (传说告诉我们,临终irnerius表示,他为他的真spirirual继承人和主要的继任者)和雨果。
这首先和根本的发展,这给人的自主权,不仅有利于科学"的法律,而且也给地方-s cholae-中说, "科学" ,是培育和t ransmitte,发生在b ologna.furthermore,姓名i rnerius和博洛尼亚被交织在一起:该名男子立即becaume一个神话;市政府立即赢得名利通过him.even虽然市房委会已经成为众所周知的,作为中心的研究和被称为docta前irnerius死亡1130 。
1 。学校的irnerius和神话博洛尼亚
在11世纪,并在开始的12世纪,但还是有少数schools.monasteries和主教座位积极提供小学和中学上学,但它是非常不清楚有没有进一步的指示,对私人的基础上给出了在房子一间magister ,以小团体的热心青年男子渴望改善他们的商店,法人knoeledge后,其基础课程的学习,在"自由艺术" ,特别是在" trivium "的语法,修辞,辩证的。
有一件事是明确的:一所学校,尽快站出来,从其余部分用于其重要性和reputation.it成为最好的,因为它仅集中于学法和对读立法文本justinain.these文本,其中已重新发现和重新组合,并已成为其图书legales出色,使学生把法律作为一种新的科学有别于(虽然不是分开)艺术的trivium ,一方面,与神学道德的,对另一方。
这所学校irnerius的,我们知之不多, irnerius的pupils.ther可能已被他们中的许多人,但只有4人留下丰富和可靠的痕迹,要么是一个"小组"的史学家称之为"四个医生" (虽然被尊为"医生"肯定是不准确的) ,或作为individuals.two的四名医生创立知名学校与方法论,他们自己的和独特的个性;两个似乎根本已失去记忆,在后来tradition.the两个更重要的法学家分别为bulgarus和martinus ,男人向谁后作家信用强烈反对立场;另外两个jacobus (传说告诉我们,临终irnerius表示,他为他的真spirirual继承人和主要的继任者)和雨果。
这首先和根本的发展,这给人的自主权,不仅有利于科学"的法律,而且也给地方-s cholae-中说, "科学" ,是培育和t ransmitte,发生在b ologna.furthermore,姓名i rnerius和博洛尼亚被交织在一起:该名男子立即becaume一个神话;市政府立即赢得名利通过him.even虽然市房委会已经成为众所周知的,作为中心的研究和被称为docta前irnerius死亡1130 。
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在欧洲和Ius公社的大学
1.Irnerius的学校和玻洛尼亚的神话
在第11 世纪期间和在第12 世纪一开始的时候, 仍然有很少schools.Monasteries 和主教位子在提供初等和中等学校教育方面活跃, 但是它非常不清楚, 无论是否关于一个私人基础的更进一步的指示被在magister的房子里给给渴望改进他们的商店的小的许多热衷的年轻人, 在他们的在"文科"方面的研究的基础课之后审判上knoeledge, 尤其,在语法,修辞和辩证法的"三学科"方面。
一件事情清楚:一所学校不久显得与不同去它的重要性的那些其余和它的reputation.It 出现为最最好的, 因为只有它专门关于法律的研究和关于读Justinain.These 正文的立法的正文集中,已经被重新发现并且改组, 变得libri legales 典型,使学生能够认为法律是(虽然不从分开)的一与不同的新科学 三学科的艺术,一方面,以及神学和伦理学,在另一个上。
这所学校是Irnerius。 我们关于Irnerius知道得很少pupils.Ther可能是他们中许多, 但是只4 已经留下丰富和可靠的踪迹, 作为一"组的两者中任何一个"史学家打电话给"4 位医生"(虽然"医生"的标题肯定不精密) 4 医生的individuals.Two 建立与一他们自己的和一独特人格的方法学一起的杰出学校当时; 两仅仅好像感觉不到在更晚的tradition.The里的记忆两个更重要的法律学家是Bulgarus和马蒂纳斯, 过后作家信贷极其反对位置的人; 其他两(传奇告诉我们即将凋谢Irnerius 表明作为他的ture spirirual继承人和主要继承人的他)的雅各布斯 以及雨果。
这次第一个和基本发展,不仅给自治权到法律的scientia, 而且在那些地方在scholae方面这几次"科学"被培养和transmitte, 在Bologna.Furthermore内进行,名字的Irnerius 和玻洛尼亚被缠结:那些人立即becaume神话; 那些城市通过虽然哈的那些城市已经him.even赢得立即名气知道当时中心的研究并且被在Irnerius的1130 死之前docta 叫。
1.Irnerius的学校和玻洛尼亚的神话
在第11 世纪期间和在第12 世纪一开始的时候, 仍然有很少schools.Monasteries 和主教位子在提供初等和中等学校教育方面活跃, 但是它非常不清楚, 无论是否关于一个私人基础的更进一步的指示被在magister的房子里给给渴望改进他们的商店的小的许多热衷的年轻人, 在他们的在"文科"方面的研究的基础课之后审判上knoeledge, 尤其,在语法,修辞和辩证法的"三学科"方面。
一件事情清楚:一所学校不久显得与不同去它的重要性的那些其余和它的reputation.It 出现为最最好的, 因为只有它专门关于法律的研究和关于读Justinain.These 正文的立法的正文集中,已经被重新发现并且改组, 变得libri legales 典型,使学生能够认为法律是(虽然不从分开)的一与不同的新科学 三学科的艺术,一方面,以及神学和伦理学,在另一个上。
这所学校是Irnerius。 我们关于Irnerius知道得很少pupils.Ther可能是他们中许多, 但是只4 已经留下丰富和可靠的踪迹, 作为一"组的两者中任何一个"史学家打电话给"4 位医生"(虽然"医生"的标题肯定不精密) 4 医生的individuals.Two 建立与一他们自己的和一独特人格的方法学一起的杰出学校当时; 两仅仅好像感觉不到在更晚的tradition.The里的记忆两个更重要的法律学家是Bulgarus和马蒂纳斯, 过后作家信贷极其反对位置的人; 其他两(传奇告诉我们即将凋谢Irnerius 表明作为他的ture spirirual继承人和主要继承人的他)的雅各布斯 以及雨果。
这次第一个和基本发展,不仅给自治权到法律的scientia, 而且在那些地方在scholae方面这几次"科学"被培养和transmitte, 在Bologna.Furthermore内进行,名字的Irnerius 和玻洛尼亚被缠结:那些人立即becaume神话; 那些城市通过虽然哈的那些城市已经him.even赢得立即名气知道当时中心的研究并且被在Irnerius的1130 死之前docta 叫。
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