Question

求函数u=x^2+y^2+z^2在椭球面x^2/a^2+y^2/b^2+z^2/c^2=1上点M.(x.,y.,z.)处沿外法线方向的方向导数

Answer 1

设F=x^2/a^2+y^2/b^2+z^2/c^2-1
则其法线方向为：(Fx,Fy,Fz)=(2x/a²，2y/b²，2z/c²)，此方向就是外法线方向
将(2x/a²，2y/b²，2z/c²)化为单位向量得：(x/a²，y/b²，z/c²)/√(x²/a^4+y²/b^4+z²/c^4)
即cosα=(x/a²)/√(x²/a^4+y²/b^4+z²/c^4)
cosβ=(y/b²)/√(x²/a^4+y²/b^4+z²/c^4)
cosγ=(z/c²)/√(x²/a^4+y²/b^4+z²/c^4)
u=x^2+y^2+z^2的方向导数为：
du/dx*cosα+du/dy*cosβ+du/dz*cosγ
=2x*(x/a²)/√(x²/a^4+y²/b^4+z²/c^4)+2y*(y/b²)/√(x²/a^4+y²/b^4+z²/c^4)
+2z*(z/c²)/√(x²/a^4+y²/b^4+z²/c^4)
=2(x²/a²+y²/b²+z²/c²)/√(x²/a^4+y²/b^4+z²/c^4)
由于x^2/a^2+y^2/b^2+z^2/c^2=1
=2/√(x²/a^4+y²/b^4+z²/c^4)