Question

求翻译，没有语法错误·

要说美国西部的牛仔，得先说说美国的牛。
美国人是欧洲移民的后裔，美国的牛则是欧洲的后代。美国的牛最早是由哥伦布带去的
在十九世纪六十年代，紧接着美国南北战争之后，火车冷藏车厢的发明，使得牛肉能够长途运输而保持新鲜。牛群长途跋涉，跨州越县，当然需要人带领、照管，数以千计的年轻人蜂拥而至，要在大牧场寻找工作。他们是中西部农场的小伙子，寻求冒险的英国人，东部想脱离父母独立的年轻人，以前叛变的士兵，少数原是奴隶的黑人，一些印第安人，以及来自边境的墨西哥人。他们，就是西部牛仔的最初群体来源。后被人们称为“马背上的英雄”。　在漫长艰辛的旅程中，西部牛仔们必须能吃苦耐劳，同时还要机智、勇敢、沉着、冷静，能应付途中各种意想不到的事故和危险。牛仔的生活方式到了十九世纪八十年代中叶宣告结束。当时美国土地有百分之四十是用于畜牧的。市场上的牛肉大大供过于求，以至价格大跌，许多牧场主破产。索、牛仔巾、牛仔帽、牛仔衣、牛仔靴。现代牛仔的装束和电影里并没太大区别。因为牛仔的这些行头当中，每一件都有它的存在价值，而不仅仅是摆设。美国的牛仔帽来源于墨西哥牛仔们常戴的一种被称之为“斯特森”式的宽沿高顶毡帽。早期的美国牛仔一般都穿光亮的皮套裤而非牛仔裤。带穗的皮套裤是牛仔在野外工作的必须，不仅保护双腿不受荆棘伤害，冬天还可以防寒，还可以在上面划火柴！如果说西部牛仔体现出来的西部精神构成了美国精神的雏形的话，那么西部小说中牛仔形象的出现,则使美国精神得以定型，成为了美国精神的象征。西部小说展现了西部边疆生活的艰辛，张扬出拓荒者为生存而奋斗的精神气度，这种独特环境下所锤炼的民族精神,正是美国精神的内核所在。美国西部小说可以追溯到 1784 年约翰·菲尔森发表的《肯塔基的发现、定居和现状》。通过这本书，美国人第一次了解到最早向西部移居的英雄——丹尼尔·布恩。他的果敢、刚毅、智慧，他的百折不挠的进取精神，成了人们心目中的典范，也成了“西部精神”的代名词。西部小说带动了西部电影的发展，与好莱坞同岁的西部片使硬朗的牛仔形象成为美国集体神话中的英雄形象，西部牛仔精神最终成为美国精神的象征1990年，凯文·科斯特纳首次执导的《与狼共舞》在西部片已衰落的时候出奇制胜，横扫当年奥斯卡，震惊世界影坛，使好莱坞西部片重振雄风。影片长达3个小时，耗资1800万美元，动用了3500头野牛、300匹马、130多名技术人员和400名临时演员。这部大型史诗性西部片一反以往西部片中将印第安人一律写成野蛮民族的作法，大胆颠覆了白人至上的西部电影传统，刷新了西部片的面貌。

Answer 1

要说美国西部的牛仔，得先说说美国的牛。

Before we talk about the United States’ West Cowboy, we have to say first the cattle.

美国人是欧洲移民的后裔，美国的牛则是欧洲的后代。美国的牛最早是由哥伦布带去的

While the Americans are the descendants of European immigrants, the United States cattle are the offspring of European cattle, the first of which was brought by Columbus.

在十九世纪六十年代，紧接着美国南北战争之后，火车冷藏车厢的发明，使得牛肉能够长途运输而保持新鲜。牛群长途跋涉，跨州越县，当然需要人带领、照管，数以千计的年轻人蜂拥而至，要在大牧场寻找工作。

In 1960s, right after the Civil War, the refrigerated compartment on the train was invented, which made the beef able to be transported in long-distance while kept fresh. The cattle, travelling across the states, of course needed to be led, taken care of. Therefore, thousands of young people came in great numbers to find work in the ranch.

他们是中西部农场的小伙子，寻求冒险的英国人，东部想脱离父母独立的年轻人，以前叛变的士兵，少数原是奴隶的黑人，一些印第安人，以及来自边境的墨西哥人。他们，就是西部牛仔的最初群体来源。后被人们称为“马背上的英雄”。　

They were farm boys from the central and west ranches, English men who sought adventures, young people from East America who desired to get rid of the control of their parents, former mutiny soldiers, a few of blacks who were former slaves, some Indians, and Mexicans from the border. It is they that formed the original West Cowboy, latter known as the" horseback hero".

在漫长艰辛的旅程中，西部牛仔们必须能吃苦耐劳，同时还要机智、勇敢、沉着、冷静，能应付途中各种意想不到的事故和危险。

In the long and difficult journey, West Cowboy must be hard-working and industrious, but also witty, brave, sober and calm so as to beat all the unexpected accidents and dangers.

牛仔的生活方式到了十九世纪八十年代中叶宣告结束。当时美国土地有百分之四十是用于畜牧的。市场上的牛肉大大供过于求，以至价格大跌，许多牧场主破产。

The cowboy way of life came to an end in mid 1980s when forty percent of American land had been used for animal husbandry. The beef piled up in excess of requirement, and the price fell. Many ranchers went bankrupt.

索、牛仔巾、牛仔帽、牛仔衣、牛仔靴。现代牛仔的装束和电影里并没太大区别。因为牛仔的这些行头当中，每一件都有它的存在价值，而不仅仅是摆设。

Ropes, denim towels, cowboy hat, cowboy clothes, and cowboy boots. Modern cowboy costumes do not have big differences with that in the movie, because every article has its existence value, rather than a mere decoration.

美国的牛仔帽来源于墨西哥牛仔们常戴的一种被称之为“斯特森”式的宽沿高顶毡帽。早期的美国牛仔一般都穿光亮的皮套裤而非牛仔裤。带穗的皮套裤是牛仔在野外工作的必须，不仅保护双腿不受荆棘伤害，冬天还可以防寒，还可以在上面划火柴！

The American cowboy hat traces back to a then called "Stetson" type felt hat of wide brim and high top that Mexican Cowboys often wear. The early American cowboys usually wore bright leather chaps instead of jeans. Fringed leather chaps were a must for cowboys working in the field that protected their legs not only from thorns, but in winter from the coldness. Cowboys could even strike a match on the chaps’ surface!

如果说西部牛仔体现出来的西部精神构成了美国精神的雏形的话，那么西部小说中牛仔形象的出现,则使美国精神得以定型，成为了美国精神的象征。西部小说展现了西部边疆生活的艰辛，张扬出拓荒者为生存而奋斗的精神气度，这种独特环境下所锤炼的民族精神,正是美国精神的内核所在。

If the Western Spirit that was embodied by the Cowboy can be said rudiments to the Americanism, the cowboy image in western novels finalized the American spirit, and became American stereotypes. Western novels picture the hardships in western frontier life, and celebrate the spirit of pioneers struggling for existence. This national spirit formed in this unique environment is the kernel of American spirit.

美国西部小说可以追溯到 1784 年约翰•菲尔森发表的《肯塔基的发现、定居和现状》。通过这本书，美国人第一次了解到最早向西部移居的英雄——丹尼尔•布恩。他的果敢、刚毅、智慧，他的百折不挠的进取精神，成了人们心目中的典范，也成了“西部精神”的代名词。

The United States western fictions can be traced back to 1784 when John Filson published Kentucky’ Discovery, Settlement and Status. Through this book, Americans for the first time learned of the earliest moving to West hero -- Daniel Boone. His courage, strength and wisdom, and his enterprising spirit of never to yield set an example for people, and had become synonymous with "spirit of the West".

西部小说带动了西部电影的发展，与好莱坞同岁的西部片使硬朗的牛仔形象成为美国集体神话中的英雄形象，西部牛仔精神最终成为美国精神的象征1990年，凯文•科斯特纳首次执导的《与狼共舞》在西部片已衰落的时候出奇制胜，横扫当年奥斯卡，震惊世界影坛，使好莱坞西部片重振雄风。影片长达3个小时，耗资1800万美元，动用了3500头野牛、300匹马、130多名技术人员和400名临时演员。这部大型史诗性西部片一反以往西部片中将印第安人一律写成野蛮民族的作法，大胆颠覆了白人至上的西部电影传统，刷新了西部片的面貌。

Western fictions drove western film development, and the tough cowboy image in western film that is of the same age of Hollywood becomes the United States collective mythical hero. The West Cowboy spirit eventually became the symbol of American spirit in 1990. Kevin Costner’s debut "Dances with Wolves" swept the Oscar and shocked the world movie that year when western films have ebbed; as a result, it restored the Hollywood western films. The film is 3 hours’ long, at a cost of $18 000 000, having employed 3500 bison, 300 horses, more than 130 technicians and 400 extras. This large and epic western film, contrary to the previous western films where Indians are demonstrated as savages, boldly overturns the white supremacist in western film tradition and refreshes the western films.

Answer 2

要说美国西部的牛仔，得先说说美国的牛。

To say that the United States western cowboy, have to say the United States cattle.

美国人是欧洲移民的后裔，美国的牛则是欧洲的后代。美国的牛最早是由哥伦布带去的

Americans are the descendants of immigrants from Europe, the United States is the offspring of European cattle. The United States of America cattle was first brought by Kolumb

在十九世纪六十年代，紧接着美国南北战争之后，火车冷藏车厢的发明，使得牛肉能够长途运输而保持新鲜。牛群长途跋涉，跨州越县，当然需要人带领、照管，数以千计的年轻人蜂拥而至，要在大牧场寻找工作。他们是中西部农场的小伙子，寻求冒险的英国人，东部想脱离父母独立的年轻人，以前叛变的士兵，少数原是奴隶的黑人，一些印第安人，以及来自边境的墨西哥人。他们，就是西部牛仔的最初群体来源。后被人们称为“马背上的英雄”。　在漫长艰辛的旅程中，西部牛仔们必须能吃苦耐劳，同时还要机智、勇敢、沉着、冷静，能应付途中各种意想不到的事故和危险。牛仔的生活方式到了十九世纪八十年代中叶宣告结束。当时美国土地有百分之四十是用于畜牧的。市场上的牛肉大大供过于求，以至价格大跌，许多牧场主破产。索、牛仔巾、牛仔帽、牛仔衣、牛仔靴。现代牛仔的装束和电影里并没太大区别。因为牛仔的这些行头当中，每一件都有它的存在价值，而不仅仅是摆设。美国的牛仔帽来源于墨西哥牛仔们常戴的一种被称之为“斯特森”式的宽沿高顶毡帽。早期的美国牛仔一般都穿光亮的皮套裤而非牛仔裤。带穗的皮套裤是牛仔在野外工作的必须，不仅保护双腿不受荆棘伤害，冬天还可以防寒，还可以在上面划火柴！如果说西部牛仔体现出来的西部精神构成了美国精神的雏形的话，那么西部小说中牛仔形象的出现,则使美国精神得以定型，成为了美国精神的象征。西部小说展现了西部边疆生活的艰辛，张扬出拓荒者为生存而奋斗的精神气度，这种独特环境下所锤炼的民族精神,正是美国精神的内核所在。美国西部小说可以追溯到 1784 年约翰·菲尔森发表的《肯塔基的发现、定居和现状》。通过这本书，美国人第一次了解到最早向西部移居的英雄——丹尼尔·布恩。他的果敢、刚毅、智慧，他的百折不挠的进取精神，成了人们心目中的典范，也成了“西部精神”的代名词。西部小说带动了西部电影的发展，与好莱坞同岁的西部片使硬朗的牛仔形象成为美国集体神话中的英雄形象，西部牛仔精神最终成为美国精神的象征1990年，凯文·科斯特纳首次执导的《与狼共舞》在西部片已衰落的时候出奇制胜，横扫当年奥斯卡，震惊世界影坛，使好莱坞西部片重振雄风。影片长达3个小时，耗资1800万美元，动用了3500头野牛、300匹马、130多名技术人员和400名临时演员。这部大型史诗性西部片一反以往西部片中将印第安人一律写成野蛮民族的作法，大胆颠覆了白人至上的西部电影传统，刷新了西部片的面貌。

In the eighteen sixties, following the United States after the civil war, train the refrigerated compartment of the invention, the beef to long-distance transportation and keeping fresh. Cattle in the journey across the state, the county, of course need to lead, take care of, thousands of young people come in great numbers, to find work in the ranch. They are the Midwestern farm boy, seeking adventure in the British East to separate from your parents, young man, before the mutinous soldiers, a small number of former slaves, some Indians, as well as from the Mexican border. They are in the western cowboy, initial population source. Later known as the" horseback hero". In the long and difficult journey, Western Cowboys must be able to hard-working, but also witty, brave, calm, calm, can beat all the accidents and dangerous journey. The cowboy way of life to the eighteen eighties middle period came to an end. When the United States land has forty percent is used for animal husbandry. The beef market greatly pile up in excess of requirement, and prices fell, many rancher bankrupt. Cable, denim towels, cowboy hat, cowboy clothes, cowboy boots. The modern cowboy costumes and movies and do not have too big difference. Because cowboy these actors, each one has its existence value, not just decoration. The United States of America cowboy hat from Mexico Cowboys often wears a called " Stetson " type of wide along the top hat. The early American cowboy usually wore bright leather chaps instead of jeans. Fringed leather chaps denim in the field must not only protect legs, without thorns hurt, can also be cold winter, in the above can also strike a match! If the Western Cowboy reflected the spirit of the West made the United States the rudiments of the spirit, so western novels in the cowboy image appears, the American spirit to stereotypes, became a symbol of the spirit of the United States of america. Western novels show the western frontier of the hardships of life, the publicity pioneers struggling spirit of tolerance, this unique environment by the temper of the national spirit, it is the United States of America spiritual kernel is located. The United States western fiction can be traced back to the 1784John filson published" Kentucky discovery, settlement and status". Through this book, Americans first learned of the earliest to West moved to the hero -- Daniel Boone. His courage, strength, wisdom, his never yield in spite of reverses the enterprising spirit, into the minds of the model, has become synonymous with" spirit of the West". Western fiction drove western film development, and Hollywood are of the same age Westerns make tough cowboy image become the United States collective mythical hero, Western Cowboy spirit eventually became the symbol of the spirit of the United States in 1990, Kevin Costner made his debut of" dances with Wolves" in western has been fading when Oscar was a surprise move, sweep, shocked the world movie, so that Hollywood of heavy Zhen Xiongfeng westerns. The film is 3 hours, at a cost of $18000000, employed3500 bison,300 horses, more than 130 technicians and400 extras. This large and epic western film the previous westerns, Indians are written in the savage nation practice, bold subversion of the white supremacist western film tradition, refresh the western face.

Answer 3

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