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ResultsandDiscussionTheresultsobtainedduringtheexperimentalstudieswiththeirdiscussion...
Results and Discussion
The results obtained during the experimental studies with their discussions are presented in this section.
WAT and Pour Point. The density meter used in the experiments provided WAT results comparable to those from the CPM. Using the density meter, however, had an added value of providing the density vs. temperature profi les of the samples, which could be used for wax deposition modeling purposes. The samples in the density meter were cooled at a rate of 0.5°C every 3 minutes, and their densities were determined by the meter, which related the oscillation frequency of its U-tube to the test fl uid density. Sample viscosity effects introduce an error in the order of k ≈ 0.05 where k is the error in kg/m and η is the viscosity in mPa•s .Hence, two curves were obtained, namely an uncorrected density curve and a second density curve, corrected for viscosity effects. A typical plot obtained from the density meter is presented in Fig. 4, where the WAT is identifi ed as the point of slope change in the density profi le as the sample cools from its initial temperature.
However, for samples with low wax content, delineating this point may be more difficult (Fig. 5). An additional plot of the slope (ρ1-ρ1)/(T1−T1) vs. temperature (T2) (Fig. 6) was used to determine the WAT where the deviation from Newtonian behavior was captured as distinct peaks in the plot. The WAT corresponds to the temperature (T1) preceding the very first peak. This meth-odology in addition to the CPM has been used and proven to be a good alternative for the WAT measurements. A comparison of WAT values from the density meter and CPM are presented in Table 2, indicating in excellent agreement between the results.
The pour point (PP) was identified on the plots as the point where the corrected and uncorrected density curves crossed over, and this point preceded a peak in the slope vs. temperature plot (Fig. 6). It is interesting to observe that, above the WAT, the uncor-rected density curve generally maintains higher values than the corrected curve. However, at PP, because of viscosity effects, the corrected density values exceeded those of the uncorrected density curve. This effect can be likened to the crossover of the viscous and elastic moduli during oscillatory gelation tests at the gelation temperature. The pour point values obtained from the density meter have compared very closely with results from standard methods. 展开
The results obtained during the experimental studies with their discussions are presented in this section.
WAT and Pour Point. The density meter used in the experiments provided WAT results comparable to those from the CPM. Using the density meter, however, had an added value of providing the density vs. temperature profi les of the samples, which could be used for wax deposition modeling purposes. The samples in the density meter were cooled at a rate of 0.5°C every 3 minutes, and their densities were determined by the meter, which related the oscillation frequency of its U-tube to the test fl uid density. Sample viscosity effects introduce an error in the order of k ≈ 0.05 where k is the error in kg/m and η is the viscosity in mPa•s .Hence, two curves were obtained, namely an uncorrected density curve and a second density curve, corrected for viscosity effects. A typical plot obtained from the density meter is presented in Fig. 4, where the WAT is identifi ed as the point of slope change in the density profi le as the sample cools from its initial temperature.
However, for samples with low wax content, delineating this point may be more difficult (Fig. 5). An additional plot of the slope (ρ1-ρ1)/(T1−T1) vs. temperature (T2) (Fig. 6) was used to determine the WAT where the deviation from Newtonian behavior was captured as distinct peaks in the plot. The WAT corresponds to the temperature (T1) preceding the very first peak. This meth-odology in addition to the CPM has been used and proven to be a good alternative for the WAT measurements. A comparison of WAT values from the density meter and CPM are presented in Table 2, indicating in excellent agreement between the results.
The pour point (PP) was identified on the plots as the point where the corrected and uncorrected density curves crossed over, and this point preceded a peak in the slope vs. temperature plot (Fig. 6). It is interesting to observe that, above the WAT, the uncor-rected density curve generally maintains higher values than the corrected curve. However, at PP, because of viscosity effects, the corrected density values exceeded those of the uncorrected density curve. This effect can be likened to the crossover of the viscous and elastic moduli during oscillatory gelation tests at the gelation temperature. The pour point values obtained from the density meter have compared very closely with results from standard methods. 展开
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结果与讨论
在本节期间与他们讨论了实验研究取得的成果。
笏及倾点。在实验中使用的密度计屈结果可比从CPM。使用密度计,但是,提供的密度随温度的样品,可以用蜡沉积建模的目的PROFI LES的附加值。密度计对样品进行了冷却速度0.5°C,每3分钟,米,其中涉及的U型管振荡频率的测试FL UID密度测定其密度。样品粘度的影响,介绍为了在K≈0.05,其中k是千克/立方米,η的错误是在MPA•S粘度的错误。因此,获得了两条曲线,即裸密度曲线和第二密度曲线,纠正对粘度的影响。一个典型的情节密度计所得的图。 4,屈是身分密度PROFI乐斜坡变化点作为样本从最初的温度州或冷却。
然而,蜡含量低的样品,划定这一点可能比较困难(图5)。额外的地积斜坡(ρ1-ρ1)/(T1-T5)与温度(T2)(图6)被用来确定从牛顿的行为偏差屈情节不同峰抓获。屈对应的温度(T1),前第一高峰粗迹顷。这岩陆除了CPM的方法odology已被证明是一个很好的选择,为屈测量。从密度计和CPM的屈值的比较列于表2,显示结果之间良好的协议。
倾点(PP)的情节被认定,纠正和裸越过密度曲线,这点在斜坡与温度的关系图(图6)的高峰之前。这是有趣的观察,上述屈,uncor rected密度曲线一般保持更高的价值比的校正曲线。然而,在聚丙烯,因为粘度的影响,纠正的密度值超过裸密度曲线。这可以比喻为在振荡凝胶的胶凝温度测试的粘性和弹性模量的交叉影响。凝点密度计所得的值相比,与标准方法的结果非常密切。
在本节期间与他们讨论了实验研究取得的成果。
笏及倾点。在实验中使用的密度计屈结果可比从CPM。使用密度计,但是,提供的密度随温度的样品,可以用蜡沉积建模的目的PROFI LES的附加值。密度计对样品进行了冷却速度0.5°C,每3分钟,米,其中涉及的U型管振荡频率的测试FL UID密度测定其密度。样品粘度的影响,介绍为了在K≈0.05,其中k是千克/立方米,η的错误是在MPA•S粘度的错误。因此,获得了两条曲线,即裸密度曲线和第二密度曲线,纠正对粘度的影响。一个典型的情节密度计所得的图。 4,屈是身分密度PROFI乐斜坡变化点作为样本从最初的温度州或冷却。
然而,蜡含量低的样品,划定这一点可能比较困难(图5)。额外的地积斜坡(ρ1-ρ1)/(T1-T5)与温度(T2)(图6)被用来确定从牛顿的行为偏差屈情节不同峰抓获。屈对应的温度(T1),前第一高峰粗迹顷。这岩陆除了CPM的方法odology已被证明是一个很好的选择,为屈测量。从密度计和CPM的屈值的比较列于表2,显示结果之间良好的协议。
倾点(PP)的情节被认定,纠正和裸越过密度曲线,这点在斜坡与温度的关系图(图6)的高峰之前。这是有趣的观察,上述屈,uncor rected密度曲线一般保持更高的价值比的校正曲线。然而,在聚丙烯,因为粘度的影响,纠正的密度值超过裸密度曲线。这可以比喻为在振荡凝胶的胶凝温度测试的粘性和弹性模量的交叉影响。凝点密度计所得的值相比,与标准方法的结果非常密切。
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结果与讨论
所得结果在实验研究和讨论中提出的这一段。
和倾点。早迅密度仪实验提供什么结果媲美的中成药。用密度计,然而,有一个附加值提供的密度与温度的fi莱斯的样品,可用于蜡沉积建模目的。样品的密度计冷却速度在0.5°每3分钟,和密度测定仪,其相关的振荡频率,其U型的测试fl流体密度。样品粘度的影响,引入一个误差为钾≈0.05是一个错误公斤/米和η是粘度兆帕•的。因此,2曲线,即裸密度曲线和密度曲线,纠正对粘度的影响。一个典型的阴谋从密度计是在图。4,如是认为fi为点的斜率变化的密度亲fi乐的样品冷却其初始温度。
然而,对样品的蜡含量低,划定这一点可能更难(图5)。另外一个阴谋的斜坡(1-1ρρ)/(T 1−T 1)与温度(T 2)(图6)是用来确定寺,偏离牛顿行为被抓获独特的山峰在剧情。该寺对应的温度(T 1)链庆前的第一个高峰。这种方法科学除了中成药已被证明是一个很好的替代水测量。比较的值从密度计和中成药中提出的表2,表明良好之间的协议的结果。
倾点(聚丙烯)确定的情节为点,纠正和裸密度曲线交叉,而这一点之前,高峰在斜坡和温度图(图6)。有趣的是看到,上面的uncor-rected密度曲线,一般保持较高的价值比校正曲线。然而,聚丙烯,由于粘度的影响陆唤此,纠正密度值超过了裸密度曲线。这种效应可以被比作交叉的粘性和弹性模量在振荡凝胶试验在凝胶温度。倾点值从密度计有非常密切的结果相比,标准的方法。
所得结果在实验研究和讨论中提出的这一段。
和倾点。早迅密度仪实验提供什么结果媲美的中成药。用密度计,然而,有一个附加值提供的密度与温度的fi莱斯的样品,可用于蜡沉积建模目的。样品的密度计冷却速度在0.5°每3分钟,和密度测定仪,其相关的振荡频率,其U型的测试fl流体密度。样品粘度的影响,引入一个误差为钾≈0.05是一个错误公斤/米和η是粘度兆帕•的。因此,2曲线,即裸密度曲线和密度曲线,纠正对粘度的影响。一个典型的阴谋从密度计是在图。4,如是认为fi为点的斜率变化的密度亲fi乐的样品冷却其初始温度。
然而,对样品的蜡含量低,划定这一点可能更难(图5)。另外一个阴谋的斜坡(1-1ρρ)/(T 1−T 1)与温度(T 2)(图6)是用来确定寺,偏离牛顿行为被抓获独特的山峰在剧情。该寺对应的温度(T 1)链庆前的第一个高峰。这种方法科学除了中成药已被证明是一个很好的替代水测量。比较的值从密度计和中成药中提出的表2,表明良好之间的协议的结果。
倾点(聚丙烯)确定的情节为点,纠正和裸密度曲线交叉,而这一点之前,高峰在斜坡和温度图(图6)。有趣的是看到,上面的uncor-rected密度曲线,一般保持较高的价值比校正曲线。然而,聚丙烯,由于粘度的影响陆唤此,纠正密度值超过了裸密度曲线。这种效应可以被比作交叉的粘性和弹性模量在振荡凝胶试验在凝胶温度。倾点值从密度计有非常密切的结果相比,标准的方法。
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结果和讨论他们的讨论与实验研究进行期间获得让罩嫌的结果是本节介绍的。扫管笏和倾点。从 CPM 相若的实验提供扫管笏结果中使用的密度计。然而,使用密度计,有提供的样本,可用于模拟的目的的蜡沉积温度 profi 莱与密度的增加值。中密度计的示例冷 0.5 ° C 的速率每 3 分钟一班,和其密度由仪表、 测试 m b 软盘 uid 密度有关的 u 型的振荡频率。示例粘度影响引入 k ≈ 0.05 k 是 k g/m 中的错误闷轿,并 η 是在 mPa•s 中的粘度的顺序错误。因此,两条曲线被获得,即未更正的密度曲线和第二的密度曲线,粘度影响的更正。从密度计获得一个典型情节提出了在图 4 中,凡 WAT identifi ed 的边坡点更改中密度 profi le 样品冷却时,从其初始温度。然而,对于低蜡含量的样品,划定这点可能是更难 (图 5)。额外的地积边坡 (ρ1-ρ1)/(T1−T1) 与温度 (T2) (图 6) 用于确定从牛顿的行为偏差拍摄作为中情节不同峰的扫管笏。扫管笏对应于温度 (T1) 前第一高峰。此方法学专门 odology CPM 除了,一直使用并被证明是一个不错的选择,扫管笏测量。从密度计和 CPM 扫管笏值的比较载列在表 2 中,该值指示优秀结果之间的协议中。倾点 (PP) 被视为情节上的点凡已更正和未更正密度曲线渡过去,,这点与温度的阴谋 (图 6) 坡前面一个高峰。很有趣,观察,上面的扫管笏,uncor rected 密度曲线一般保持较高的值比已更正的曲坦手线。然而,PP、 的粘度的影响,因为已更正的密度值超过那些未更正的密度曲线。这种效果可以比作在凝胶的温度振荡凝胶测试期间的黏性和弹性模量的交叉。索取密度计的倾点值有非常密切相比的标准方法的结果。
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