Question

生物专业英语，求高手帮忙翻译

Cytoplasm: The Dynamic, Mobile Factory
Most of the properties we associate with life are properties of the cytoplasm. Much of the mass of a cell consists of this semifluid substance, which is bounded on the outside by the plasma membrane. Organelles are suspended within it, supported by the filamentous networks of the cytoskeleton. Dissolved in the cytoplasmic fluid are nutrients, ions, soluble proteins, and other materials needed for cell functioning.

Nutrients, proteins, and other materials within most plant cells are moved about via cytoplasmic streaming. The process occurs as myosin proteins attached to organelles push against microfilaments arrayed throughout the cell, Microsfilaments and microtubules are responsible for almost all major cytoplasmic movements. During cell division, microtubules of the spindle-assembled from tubulin subunits near organelles called centrioles-move the chromosomes.

Photosynthesis starts with CO2 and H2O as raw materials and proceeds through two sets of partial reactions. In the first set, called the light-dependent reactions, water molecules are split (oxidized), O2 is released, ant ATP and NADPH are formed. These reactions must take place in the presence of light energy. In the second set, called light-independent reactions, CO2 is reduced (via the addition of Hatoms) to carbohydrate. These chemical events rely on the electron carrier NADPH and ATP generated by the first set or reactions.

Reprieve from Photorespiration: The C4 Pathway
Most plants are C3 plants; they experience decreased carbohydrate production under hot, dry conditions as a result of the effects of photorespiration. Among C4 plants, however, special leaf anatomy and a unique biochemical pathway enable the plant to thrive in arid conditions. Thus C4 plants lessen photorespiration by carrying out photosynthesis only in cells that are insulated from high levels of CO2. They also possess a novel mechanism for carbon fixation.

The cell cycle is a regular sequence in which the cell grows, prepares for division, and divides to form two daughter cells, each of which then repeats the cycle. Such cycling in effect makes single-celled organisms immortal. Many cells in multicellular organisms, including animal muscle and nerve cells, either slow the cycle or break out of it altogether.

Meiosis is a special form of cell division that takes place in the reproductive organs that produce sex cells. Like mitosis, is takes place after DNA replication has occurred and involves two sequential nuclear divisions (meiosis I and meiosis Ⅱ). These divisions result in four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell. The phenomenon of crossing over during meiosis results in exchanges of genetic information between chromosomes. Hence, the homologous chromosomes distributed to different progeny cells are not identical.
The earth is composed of a number of layers: a solid crust, a semisolid mantle, and a largely molten (liquid) core that has a solid center. Basic physical features of Earth that may have made the emergence of life possible include the planet’s size, temperature, composition, and distance from the sun. The major current hypothesis holds that life arose spontaneously on the early earth by means of chemical evolution from nonliving substances.
还有一些

Answer 1

细胞质： 动态，流动工厂 我们联系生活物产的Most是细胞质的物产。 许多细胞的大量包括这种半液体物质，在外部一定由质膜。 细胞器在它里面暂停，支持通过细胞骨架的纤维状网络。 在细胞质流体被溶化营养素、离子、可溶解蛋白质和为细胞起作用需要的其他材料。

Nutrients、蛋白质和在多数植物细胞之内的其他材料通过细胞质放出被移动。 过程发生，肌球蛋白蛋白质附有了细胞器推挤反对微丝排列在细胞， Microsfilaments中，并且微管对几乎所有主要细胞质运动负责。 在细胞分裂期间，从tubulin亚单位纺锤聚集的微管在叫的细胞器附近细胞中心粒移动染色体。

Photosynthesis开始以二氧化碳和H2O作为原材料并且通过二套部份反应进行。 在第一个集合，称light-dependent反应，水分子被分裂(氧化)， O2被发布，蚂蚁ATP，并且NADPH被形成。 这些反应必须在光能面前发生。 在第二个集合，称光独立反应，二氧化碳减少(通过Hatoms的加法)到碳水化合物。 这些化工事件依靠电子载体第一集合或反应和ATP引起的NADPH。
从光呼吸的Reprieve ： C4路
Most植物是C3植物; 由于光呼吸的作用他们在热，干燥条件下体验减少的碳水化合物生产。 在C4植物之中，然而，特别叶子解剖学和一个独特的生化过程在干旱的情况使植物兴旺。 因而C4植物由执行的仅光合作用减轻光呼吸在从二氧化碳高水平被绝缘的细胞。 他们也拥有碳定象的一个新颖的机制。

The细胞周期是细胞增长，为分裂做准备，并且划分形成二个子细胞，其中每一然后重复周期的一个规则序列。 这样实际上循环使唯一含有某种或若干小细胞的有机体不朽。 在多细胞性的有机体的许多细胞，包括动物肌肉和神经细胞，任一慢周期或一共发生它。

Meiosis是的细胞分裂的一种特殊格式在生殖器发生导致性细胞。 象有丝分裂，是在脱氧核糖核酸复制以后发生发生了并且介入二连续核分裂(成熟分裂我和成熟分裂Ⅱ)。 这些分裂导致四个子细胞，其中每一个与一半父母细胞的染色体的数量。 现象横渡在成熟分裂期间导致基因信息交换在染色体之间的。 因此，同源染色体被分布对不同的后裔细胞不是相同的。
问题补充：The地球由一定数量的层组成： 一个坚实外壳、一件半固体披风和有一个坚实中心的一个主要溶解的(液体)核心。 也许使诞生生活成为可能包括从星期日的planet’s大小、温度、构成和距离地球的基本的物理特点。 主要当前假说保持生活在早期的地球上本能地出现了通过从无生命物质的化工演变。