Question

谁能帮我翻译一下面的化工专业英语，谢了！

Soaps and detergents represent an interesting and rather different sector. Interesting in that early production of soap, with its demand for alkali, can be viewed as the beginnings of the modern chemical industry. Different from the other sectors in that its products are sold directly to the public and market share probably has more to do with packaging and marketing than the technical properties of the product. Many of its products can be derived from both petrochemical intermediates and from animal and vegetable oils and fats, e.g., alkyl and aryl sulphonates.
Although some chemicals, such as organic solvents, are used directly, most require further processing and formulating before they can be put to their end uses. In some cases, where novel materials have been discovered, major technological advances were required before they could be processed and their unique properties utilized. Such a material is polytetrafluoroethylene, which is better known as PTFE or under its trade names Fluon (ICI) and Teflon (Dupont). When this was first made its special properties of great chemical stability, excellent electrical insulation, very low coefficient of friction (hence its non-stick applications) and very wide working temperature range were quickly recognized. However, its use was delayed for several years because it could not be processed by conventional techniques and it had to await the development of powder metallurgy techniques.
In order to appreciate the downstream processing and technology, let us take as an example polyvinyl acetate:~- and one of its applications as a binder in such that a homogeneous film is produced on evaporation of the water base. What processing steps are involved in making the polyvinyl acetate and in finally formulating the paint?
The story starts with crude oil or natural gas fractions, e.g. naphtha, which are cracked to give principally ethylene. The ethylene is then reacted with acetic acid and oxygen over a supported palladium catalyst to produce the vinyl acetate. Finally this is polymerized to polyvinyl acetate which is then mixed with the other ingredients to produce the emulsion paint.
The above examples teach us an important lesson, although it is the chemists who make and discover the new chemicals which may have special properties, a considerable input from engineers and technologists may be required before the chemical can be processed and converted into a suitable form in which it can be used. This emphasizes an important aspect of research, and technology in the chemical industry, namely the importance of inter-disciplinary teamwork.

Answer 1

肥皂与清洁剂是有趣而相对不同的行业。有趣的是，由于需要碱，肥皂的早期生产过程可以视为现代化学工业的开始。与其它行业不同的是，其产品是直接卖给公众，而相对于产品的技术属性来说，其市场份额更多的依靠包装和营销。起很多产品都可以衍生到石油化工中间体、动植物的油和脂肪，比如碱和磺酸盐
尽管诸如有机溶液等化学品都是直接使用的，大部分化学品都是需要进一步处理才能投入终端运用的。在某些条件下，重大技术进步具备了，才能在发现原材料以后对其进行处理，进而是党的运用材料的特性。 其中一种代表性的材料就是聚四氟乙烯，通常称之为PTFE或学名Fluon (ICI) 和Teflon (Dupont)。这种材料刚制成时，其极强的化学稳定性、良好的电气绝缘性、极低的摩擦系数 (因此属于非粘性应用材料) 以及宽泛的工作温度范围等特性迅速被认知。然后，由于传统技术无法对其进行处理，需要等粉末冶金技术的发展才能对其进行加工，以至于这种材料的真正运用延后了好多年。
为了理解下游工艺技术，我们以聚醋酸乙烯脂制作粘合剂为例。聚醋酸乙烯脂的制作过程有哪些工艺步骤？如何最终制成涂料的？
首先从原油或天然气生成（也就是石脑油，破裂成乙烯）说起。然后乙烯与醋酸和氧气通过钯催化剂产生反应，生成醋酸乙烯脂。最后聚合成聚醋酸乙烯脂，与其它材料混合，最终生成乳胶漆
以上例子让我们深刻认识到，尽管是化学家制成和发现具有特性的化学品，但在化学品处理转换成可以被我们使用的一种合适的形式的过程中，需要工程师和技术人员的大量工作。 这突出了化学工业中研究与技术中很重要的一个方面，即我们所说的跨学科团队合作的重要性.

完全手工翻译，不当之处，请更正
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