Question

求用英语解答五道语言学的简答题

6.waht are features of compounds?
7.How many types of morpheme are there in English?
8.Give examples to illustrate the distinction between deep structure and surface structure
9.what is the scope of linguistics?
10.Please list the classical theories of meaning.

Answer 1

6.In linguistics, a compound is a lexeme (less precisely, a word) that consists of more than one stem. Compounding occurs when two or more words are joined together to make them one word.

7.
-Free morphemes can function independently as words (e.g. town, dog) and can appear with other lexemes (e.g.town hall, doghouse).
-Bound morphemes appear only as parts of words, always in conjunction with a root and sometimes with other bound morphemes. For example, un- appears only accompanied by other morphemes to form a word. Most bound morphemes in English are affixes, particularly prefixes and suffixes, examples of suffixes are: tion, ation, ible, ing etc.. Bound morphemes that are not affixes are called cranberry morphemes.
　　Bound morphemes can be further classified as derivational or inflectional.
-Derivational morphemes, when combined with a root, change either the semantic meaning or part of speech of the affected word. For example, in the word happiness, the addition of the bound morpheme -ness to the roothappy changes the word from an adjective (happy) to a noun (happiness). In the word unkind, un- functions as a derivational morpheme, for it inverts the meaning of the word formed by the root kind.
-Inflectional morphemes modify a verb's tense or a noun's number without affecting the word's meaning or class. Examples of applying inflectional morphemes to words are adding -s to the root dog to form dogs and adding -ed to wait to form waited.

8.
- the deep structure of a linguistic expression is a theoretical construct that seeks to unify several related structures. For instance, a passive sentence like (1a) was claimed to have a Deep Structure in which thenoun phrases are in the order of the correspondingactive (1b):(1a) The bear was chased by the lion.
(1b) The lion chased the bear.Similarly, a question such as (2a) was claimed to have a Deep Structure closely resembling that of the corresponding declarative (2b):(2a) Which martini did Harry drink?
(2b) Harry drank that martini.

-Surface structure can be defined as the syntactic form they take as actual sentences. In the other words, it is forms of sentences resulted from modification/ transformation. Consider these sentences:

(1) You close the door.(2) The door is closed by you.(3) Close the door!

9. Micro-linguistics includes phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics.

Macro-linguistics includes sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics, stylistics, discourse analysis, computational linguistics, cognitive linguistics, and applied linguistics.

10.
1. Two kinds of theory of meaning
2. Semantic theories
2.1 Propositional semantic theories
2.1.1 The theory of reference
2.1.2 Theories of reference vs. semantic theories
2.1.3 The relationship between content and reference
2.1.4 Character and content, context and circumstance
2.1.5 Possible worlds semantics
2.1.6 Russellian propositions
2.1.7 Fregean propositions
2.2 Non-propositional theories
2.2.1 The Davidsonian program
2.2.2 Chomskyan internalist semantics
3. Foundational theories of meaning
3.1 Mentalist theories
3.1.1 The Gricean program
3.1.2 Meaning, belief, and convention
3.1.3 Mental representation-based theories
3.2 Non-mentalist theories
3.2.1 Causal origin
3.2.2 Truth-maximization and the principle of charity
3.2.3 Regularities in use
3.2.4 Social norms

Answer 2

http://wenku.baidu.com/view/1421d4c658f5f61fb73666c9.html 这里有答案