Question

帮帮忙，，翻译下。。

3.1 人们在特殊的场合用委婉语以 避免困扃在当代美国社会中，人们为避免职业偏见，在称呼那些社会地位比较低的职业时，往往将其打扮一番，使之听起来更体面、顺耳，这类委婉语的出现，改变了某些职业形象，为从业者寻求到了心理上的平衡。上世纪以来，一大批冠冕堂皇的职业名称相继问世，取代了原来直截了当的称呼。比如：garbage collector(清洁工)一sanitation engineer(卫生工程师)，sweeper／floor(打扫教室或办公楼的勤杂工)一custodian engineer(监护工程师)，bootblack(擦鞋匠)一footwear maintenance engineer(鞋类保养工程师)，hair—dresser(理发员)一beautician (美容师)，gardener(园丁)一landscape technician(风景技师)，elevator operator(电梯服务员)一Member of the Vertical Transportation Corps(垂直交通大队队员)，maid／housekeeper(女佣)一domestic helper(家庭助手)，其中，把dishwasher(在餐馆洗碗碟的人)称作bubble dance(气泡舞蹈家)最为有意思l 。这些美化了的职业名称，一方面反映了低阶层人们对于受到社会承认与尊重的强烈愿望，也反映了雇主们为吸引人们从事这些不体面工作，故弄玄虚的策略。同样，在西方社会中，人们为了回避一些社会问题，也常常使用委婉语来起到一些特殊的作用，比如，把por people称作low income group，称slums为substandard housing(低于标准的住房)，用downsizing(裁员)，rightsizing or laying o (下岗)来代替gettingrid of employees(解雇)。在学校里，使用委婉语也被看作是一条教学规则，教师评价学生时要用“积极用语”代替“消极用语”，如说到一个学生学习成绩差时，教师应避免用“poor，lazy，bad⋯ ”等词，而说“He is below average students．”或用“He can do better work with help．”来避免使用“stupid，slow⋯ ”等词，这样的表达使学生的自尊心免受伤害。学生考试作弊则冠以to depend on others to do his／her work，或者用“He has difficulty
distinguishing between imaginary and factual information．’’来表示“He lies．”

Answer 1

3.1 people in special occasions with euphemisms to avoid hardship Jiong in contemporary American society, the people in order to avoid professional bias, in the name of those relatively low social status, occupation, often dressed up some of its so that sounds more decent, Shuner, the emergence of such euphemisms, changed the image of certain professions, for practitioners to seek psychological balance. Since the last century, a large number of high-sounding job titles have come out in succession, replacing the original straightforward call. For example: garbage collector (cleaners) a sanitation engineer (sanitation engineer), sweeper / floor (cleaning the classroom or office building porters) a custodian engineer (Guardianship of Engineers), bootblack (wiping the shoemaker) footwear maintenance engineer (maintenance footwear Engineers), hair-dresser (Barber) in a beautician (beautician), gardener (gardener) a landscape technician (landscape technician), elevator operator (elevator attendants) a Member of the Vertical Transportation Corps (vertical transport group members), maid / housekeeper (maids) a domestic helper (family aide), in which the dishwasher (the dish washing dishes in restaurants) called bubble dance (bubble dancers) the most interesting l. These beautification of the professional name of the one hand, reflects the lower class people to be social recognition and respect for the strong desire, but also reflects the employers in order to attract people engaged in these shameful, Gunongxuanxu strategy. Similarly, in Western society, some people in order to avoid social problems, they often use euphemisms to play a special role, for example, por people called the low income group, said slums for substandard housing (sub-standard housing) , And downsizing (layoffs), rightsizing or laying o (laid-off) to replace gettingrid of employees (dismissal). In schools, use the euphemism was also seen as a teaching rules, teachers evaluate students to use "positive language" instead of "passive language," said a student such as poor academic performance, teachers should avoid using "poor, lazy , Bad ⋯ "the words and said" He is below average students. "Or" He can do better work with help. "To avoid the use of" stupid, slow ⋯ "and other words, the expression of self-esteem of students from伤害. Cheating students are called to depend on others to do his / her work, or use "He has difficulty
distinguishing between imaginary and factual information. ''To express "He lies."