Question

谁可以帮我翻译一下呀？不要网络翻译器翻的，谢谢高手了

2. Hypothesis development
Efficient debt contracting provides an important explanation for conservatism. In the debt contracting process, lenders have an informational disadvantage, bearing downside risk with no upside potential. Absent a mechanism to credibly mitigate their downside risk, lenders would either refuse to lend or require a high rate of return. Accounting conservatism is one such mechanism that allows borrowers to mitigate the downside risk of lenders (Watts and Zimmerman. 1986).
3. 1. Definition of conservatism
Following Basu (1997), I define conservatism as a higher degree of verification to recognize good news as gains than to recognize bad news as losses. An important implication of the asymmetric verification requirement is the understatement of net assets. Given lenders bear downside risk but no upside potential, lenders receive more downside risk protection from, and hence prefer, understated net assets on the balance sheet and a timely report of bad news on the income statement. Note that this definition of asymmetric verification is consistent with FASB's Statement of Concepts No. 2, which states that "if two estimates of amounts to be received or paid in the future are about equally likely, conservatism dictates using the less optimistic estimate." By requiring a higher degree of verification to recognize good news than bad news, conservative accounting reports are less optimistic.

Answer 1

2 。假说的发展有效率的债务合同提供了一个重要的解释的保守主义。在债务订约过程中，贷款人有一个不利的信息，同时下跌的风险，没有成长潜力。没有一个机制来减轻其可信下跌的风险，放款人将拒绝贷款或要求较高的回报率。会计保守主义就是这样一个机制，使借款人，以减轻下跌的风险，贷款人（瓦特和齐默尔曼1986 ） 。
3 。 1 。定义中的保守主义以下巴苏（ 1997年） ，我界定的保守主义作为一个更高程度的核查，以确认好消息，作为收益比承认坏消息，作为损失。一个重要的含义是不对称的核查要求，是轻描淡写的净资产。由于放款人承担下跌的风险，但没有成长潜力，贷款人获得更多的下跌的风险，保护，因此宁愿，低估的资产净值对资产负债表，并及时报告坏消息就收入声明。请注意，此定义的非对称核查是一致的财会准则委员会的声明的概念第2号，其中指出： “如果有两个估计的数额要收到或支付在未来的大约有同样可能，保守主义许可使用不太乐观的估计” 。要求更高程度的核查，以确认好消息比坏消息，保守的会计报告是不太乐观。