Question

康德、尼采、黑格尔主要历史哲学理论观点是什么？（要中英对照的。）

是谁的理论观点写清楚，要大纲似的答案，最好分点叙述。谢谢了！很着急！

Answer 1

康德1） 作为人的每一个社会成员的自由；

　　2） 作为臣民的每一个成员与其他成员的平等；

　　3） 作为公民的每一个共同体成员的独立（或自主）。

黑格尔
A、 意志是直接的，即人格，表现为实在法和形式法的领域；

　　B、 意志从外部定在出发在自身中反思着，于是被规定为与普遍物对立的主观单一性，表现为主观意志的法，即道德；

　　C、 作为这两个抽象环节的统一和真理，被思考的善的理念在那个在自身中反思着的意志和外部世界中获得了实现，以至于作为实体的自由不仅作为主观意志而且也作为现实性和必然性而实存；这就是在它绝对的普遍的实存中的理念，也就是伦理。而伦理的实体同时是：

　　C1、自然精神：家庭；

　　C2、在它的分裂或现象中——市民社会；

　　C3、国家，即表现为特殊意志的自由独立性的那种自由，既是普遍的又是客观的自由。

尼采
历史哲学的思路集中在三个方面：
第一，通过对“上帝已死”和人的选择力、创造力的论述，阐明历史活动的非决定性倾向；
第二，探讨并确认历史过程的相对性和历史认识的相对性；
第三，强调社会的进化过程是非机械的“变化”与进化目的的“同一”。尼采富有诗性的历史哲学话语，极大地影响了现代西方历史哲学，它是历史观念从１９世纪走向２０世纪的一个重要转折。
Kant 1) each person as a member of the community of freedom;

2) as the subjects of each of the members of the other members of the Equality;

3), as a citizen of every member of the Community of Independent (or independent).

Hegel
A, will be direct, that is, the personality, manifested in the form of positive law and the law in the field;

B, from the outside will be set at the start of self-reflection, as they were with the object of universal opposition of a single subjective, for the performance of the subjective will of the law, that is ethical;

C, as these two aspects of abstract unity and truth, good idea to think that in itself a reflection of the will of the outside world and gained the realization that as an entity is not only free but also as a subjective determination as a reality And the existence and inevitability; That is absolute in its general concept of existence, that is ethical. Ethics and the entity is at the same time:

C1, the spirit of nature: the family;

C2, in its split or phenomenon - civil society;

C3, the country, that is, for a special performance of the free will of the independence of the kind of freedom is not only common objective is free.

Nietzsche
Philosophy and the history of ideas focused on three areas:
First, the adoption of "God is dead" and the people's choice, on the creativity, to clarify the historical tendency of non-decisive;
Second, investigate and verify the history of relativity and the understanding of the history of relativity;
Third, the emphasis on the social evolution of non-mechanical "change" and the purpose of the evolution of "the same." Nietzsche full of poetic discourse of philosophy and history, greatly influenced the modern history of Western philosophy, history, it is a concept from 19th century to the 20th century is an important turning point.