推荐于2017-11-26
直接引语和间接引语在句中都作宾语。一字不漏地引述别人的话叫直接引语;用自己的话转述别人的话叫间接引语。直接引语变为间接引语应注意以下问题:
(1)间接引语的引述动词,除了常见的say,tell外,还有ask,add,admit,announce,argue,explain,insist,promise,repeat,reply,suggest,warn等表示说话的动词。这些动词后的宾语从句常用从属连词that引导,这种连词有时可以省略。但当引导词为who,what,which,when,where,how,why等词时,这些疑问代词和疑问副词便不能省略。引述动词大多数可以不变,但有的必须变化,如:“What’s this? ”cried Dr. Sun.→Dr.Sun asked in surprise what that was.
(2)时态的转换:①一般来讲,直接引语变为间接引语时,时态要有所变化,使从句时态与主句时态一致。主句为过去式时,一般现在时变成一般过去时,一般过去时变成过去完成时,现在进行时变成过去进行时、一般将来时变成过去将来时等。②有些情态动词没有过去时形式,变为间接引语时,可用原来形式,或用其它方式表示(如E)部分第13题)。③但当主句的谓语是一般现在时,现在完成时和一般将来时态时,或是当直接引语是客观真理(如E)部分第2题),直接引语的谓语是过去进行时,过去完成时和过去将来时,以及有特定的准确时间和地点状语时,只需调整一下人称和数,去掉引号即可,谓语动词不用变化。
(3)句型的变化:①陈述句的直接引语变成间接引语时,将直接引语变成that引导的宾语从句。②一般疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句的直接引语变成间接引语时,要由if或whether引导一个陈述性的宾语从句,省略原有的助动词do,does,did,将动词还原,注意词序不能倒装。如果直接引语是选择疑问句,变成间接引语时用or连接选择部分。反意疑问句应用whether(if)...or not结构(如E)部分第11题)。
③直接引语是祈使句时,变成间接引语时要把直接引语变成一个不定式短语(作宾语补足语),还要加上适当的宾语(如E)部分第4题)。如果是否定的祈使句应在不定式前加上not或never(如E部分第10题)。
④特殊疑问句变为间接引语时,一般以原来的wh-词为引导词,用陈述语序。
(4)其它变化:
①时间状语变化:now→then,today→that day,this evening→that evening,yesterday→the day before,yesterday morning→the morning before,last week→the week before,ago→before,to-morrow→the next day,next week(month/year)→the next week (month/year),the day before yesterday→two days before等。
②地点状语变化:here→there。
③动词变化:bring→take,come→go。
④指示代词变化:this→that,these→those,有时需把this变为it(如E)部分第17题),these 变为they(如E)部分第18题)。
⑤人称的变化:在直接引语中的代词,应根据语境与引述动词的主语或宾语保持一致。
当把间接引语变为直接引语时,其时间、地点、人称、句型的变化与直接引语变间接引语相反。
直接引语是感叹句时
间接引语为what 或how 引导,也可以用that 引导。
She said, "What a lovely day it is !"
→She said what a lovely day it was .或She said that it was a lovely day.
5.如果主句谓语动词为各种现在时或一般将来时,则间接引语中的动词仍保持直接引语原来时态。如果主句谓语动词为过去时,间接引语中的动词时态按下列变化:
(1) 一般现在时变为一般过去时
(2) 现在进行时变为过去进行时
(3) 一般将来时变为过去将来时
(4) 现在完成时变为过去完成时
(5) 一般过去时变为过去完成时
(6) 过去完成时不变,仍为过去完成时
[注意]
(1) 如果直接引语是表示客观真理时,变为间接引语,一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如:
The teacher said "The earth goes round the sun."
→The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.
(2) 如果直接引语中有明确表示过时间的状语,变为间接引语时,一般过去时不改为过去完成时。如:
He said to me, "I was born in 1973."
→He told me that he was born in 1973.
(3)如果直接引语所述事实在当时和目前同样生效,变为间接宾语时,一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如:
He said, "I'm a boy, not a girl."
→He said that he is a boy ,not a girl.
(4)如果直接引语中的谓语动词表示一种反复出现或习惯动作,在变为间接引时,一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如:
The girl said, "I get up at six every morning."
→The girl said that she gets up at six every morning.
(5)如果直接引语中含有since, when, while 引导的表示过去时间的状语从句,在变为间接引语时,只改变主句中的谓语动词,从句的一般过去时则不变。如:
He said to me, "I have taught English since he came here ."
→He told me that he had taught English since he came here.
(6)如果直接引语中含有情态动词 must, need, had better以及情态动词的过去式could, might, should, would,在变为间接引语时,这些情态动词没有时态的改变。例如:
The teacher said to me . "You must pay more attention to your pronunciation."
→The teacher told me that I must (have to ) pay more attention to my pronunciation.
He said , "I could swim when I was only six ."
→He said that he could swim when he was only six.
当间接引语的内容是过去发生的事情,则主从句用过去时
例:'I don't want anything to eat.'变为Yusuf said that he didn't want anything to eat.
'I'm leaving!'变为Lamar announced that she was leaving.
当间接引语从句的内容是过去谈论再过去已经发生的事情,主句过去时,从句过去完成时
例:'We have found the missing girl.' 变为 Police said that they had found the missing girl.
但是当两件事情发生的时间先后顺序很明显时,最早发生完成的事情可以用一般过去时替代过去完成时
例:'I've sent out the invitations. I did it well before the wedding.'变为She reassured me that she sent out the invitations well before the wedding. (或者...had sent...)
当间接引语从句中的事情是真理或惯性动作,或仍然存在或与引述时有关,主句用一般现在时,从句用一般现在时或现在完成时。需注意的是现在完成时强调的是行为的结果,而非行为本身
例:Dr Weir thinks that he spends about five minutes on a typical appointment with a patient.
US scientists claim that they have developed a new vaccine against malaria.
当引出间接引语的主句是一般过去时,则从句可以用一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时或过去完成时。从句用一般时或现在完成时说明到转述的时候行为或现象依然存在或有关联。
例:She argued that Carl is/was the best person for the job.
They noted that the rate of inflation has/had slowed down.
当不确定引述的内容是否是真的,或现象是否依然存在时,则从句用过去时
例:Yasemin told me that she has two houses. (暗示这是真的)
Yasemin told me that she had two houses. (暗示有可能是假的,或者过去曾经有过两栋房子但是现在没有了)
引述过去说过或想过的内容,引用间接引语主句里的动词用过去式
例:Just before her wedding, she revealed that she had been married before.
引用现在的新闻、观念等,主句里的动词可以用一般现在时。某些情况既可以用一般现在时也可以用一般过去时,一般现在时可以强调引用内容是真理或者现在仍在继续
例:She says that she'll have to close the shop unless business improves. (或...said...)
以下情况一般用一般现在时而不是一般过去时
引述我们听说过但不知真假的信息
例:I hear you're unhappy with your job.
引述某权威或某机构所说的内容
例:The law says that no one under the age of 16 can buy a lottery ticket.
引述很多人说的内容
例:Every teach I've spoken to tells me that standards of spelling are in decline.
2013-08-10