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倒装句
英语最基本的语序是主语在前，谓语动词在后。但有时由于句子结构的需要或表示强调，就要采用倒装形式。将谓语动词完全移到主语之前称为完全倒装，只将助动词或情态动词放到主语之前称为部分倒装。强调性倒装和以so, neither, nor开头的句子是高考例题的热点。
一、倒装句的意义
1. 适应一定的语法结构的需要，主要是指疑问句句型结构的需要。
e.g. May I come in?
Was the Peoples Liberation Army founded in 1927?
2. 为了强调某一部分，而把这部分放到句首，构成倒装。
e.g. Never have I been late for school this term.
So early did he come to school that no other students came.
二、倒装的使用情况
1. 在“there be”结构里，there是引导词，主语在be后。
e.g. There is a box on the table.
2. 在疑问句中。
e.g. Is she singing in the classroom?
What does your mother do?
3. 在here, there等副词开头的某些句子里（要用一般现在时态）。如果主语是人称代词，主语和主要动词的词序不变。（完全倒装）
e.g. There goes the bell.
Here is an apple for you.
There she comes.
4. 重复倒装句型，用在以so, nor, neither开头，表示谓语所述的情况也适用于另一个人或一事物的肯定或否定句中。so用于肯定句，表示“也一样”“也这样”；nor, neither用于否定句，表示“同样也不，也不这样”。
e.g. I am watching TV. So is she.
My parents didnt watch TV last night. Neither (Nor) did I.
5. 直接引语的全部或一部分放在句首时，主句中的主谓也常直接倒装。（完全倒装）
e.g. "Very well," said the French student.
"Bring me two eggs and a cup of tea, please." said he.
6. 在以never, little, hardly, not only, few, not, seldom等否定副词开头的句子中，采用部分倒装。如不放在句首就不要倒装。
e.g. Little did he say at the meeting.
Never shall I forget the day when I joined the Army.
比较：I shall never forget the day when I joined the Army.
7. 用于以only所修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句的句子中。
e.g. Only when the war was over in 1918 was he able to get happily back to wrk.
Only in this way can we learn English well.
注意：如果only后的词组不是状语，不需倒装。
e.g. Only Wang Lili knows this.
8. 为了表达生动，有时把表地点、方位的副词，如 up, down, out, away, in等放在句首，同时把谓语动词放在主语之前。若主语为人称代词，主语和谓语动词的位置不变，只将副词放在句首。（完全倒装）
e.g. Away hurried the boy.
Out rushed the girl.
9. 在虚拟结构中，条件从句的谓语含有were, had 和should这三个词是，可省去if，将这些词移至主语之前。
e.g. Had I time (= If I had time), I would go and help you.
Were I you (= If I were you), I would go abroad.
Should he come (=If he should come), tell him to ring me up.
10. as引导让步状语从句时要倒装（形容词/ 副词/ 名词/ 动词 + as + 主语 + 谓语）。
e.g. Proud as they are, they are afraid to see me.
Child as he is, he seems to know everything.（child前不加冠词）
Hard as he worded, he made little progress.
11. 用于某些表示祝愿的句子里。
e.g. May you succeed!
Long live the Peoples Republic of China!
12. So + 形容词、副词及such 置于句首时要倒装。
So happy did he feel.
Such was me.
同位语从句
一、在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在某些名词后面，用以说明该名词表示的具体内容。如：
I heard the news that our team had won．我听到了我们队获胜的消息。
I had no idea that you were here．我不知道你在这里。
二、可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，words（消息），possibility等。如：
I’ve come from Mr wang with a message that he won’t be able to see you this afternoon． 我从王先生那里来，他让我告诉你他今天下午不能来看你了。
三、英语中引导同位语从句的词通有连词 that，whether，连接副词 how,when,where等。（注：if,which 不能引导同位语从句。）如：
l have no idea When he will be back．我不知道他什么时候回来。
He must answer the question whether he agrees to or not.
他必须回答他是否同意这样一个问题。
四、有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在说明的名词后面，而被别的词隔开。 如：
Several years later，word came that Napoleon himself was coming to inspect them．
几年以后，有消息传来说拿破仑要亲自视察他们。
The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city．
他突然想起可能敌人已经逃出城了。
五、同位语从句与定语从句的区别。
1、同位语从句与前面的名词是同位关系，即说明它前面名词的内容；而定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰关系，即限定它前面的名词范围，或补充一些情况。如：
The news that l have passed the exam is true．我通过了考试这一消息是真的。
（同位语从句，即从句所表达的意思就是前面名词的内容。）
The news that he told me just now is true．他刚才告诉我的消息是真的。
（定语从句，从句对前面名词起修饰限制作用，即“他告诉我的”那个消息，而不是别的消息。）
2、引导同位语从句的that是连词，在从句中不充当任何成份，而引导定语从句的that是关系代词，除起连接作用外，还在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语等。如：
The idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises many people.
计算机能够识别人的声音的想法使许多人感到惊奇。（that在从句中不充当任何成份。）
The idea that he gave surprises many people．他提出的观点令许多人感到吃惊。
（that在从句中作gave的宾语。）
一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行修饰，限定或说明，这个名词(或其它形
式)就是同位语。同位语与被它限定的词的格要一致，并常常紧挨在一起。
英语最基本的语序是主语在前，谓语动词在后。但有时由于句子结构的需要或表示强调，就要采用倒装形式。将谓语动词完全移到主语之前称为完全倒装，只将助动词或情态动词放到主语之前称为部分倒装。强调性倒装和以so, neither, nor开头的句子是高考例题的热点。
一、倒装句的意义
1. 适应一定的语法结构的需要，主要是指疑问句句型结构的需要。
e.g. May I come in?
Was the Peoples Liberation Army founded in 1927?
2. 为了强调某一部分，而把这部分放到句首，构成倒装。
e.g. Never have I been late for school this term.
So early did he come to school that no other students came.
二、倒装的使用情况
1. 在“there be”结构里，there是引导词，主语在be后。
e.g. There is a box on the table.
2. 在疑问句中。
e.g. Is she singing in the classroom?
What does your mother do?
3. 在here, there等副词开头的某些句子里（要用一般现在时态）。如果主语是人称代词，主语和主要动词的词序不变。（完全倒装）
e.g. There goes the bell.
Here is an apple for you.
There she comes.
4. 重复倒装句型，用在以so, nor, neither开头，表示谓语所述的情况也适用于另一个人或一事物的肯定或否定句中。so用于肯定句，表示“也一样”“也这样”；nor, neither用于否定句，表示“同样也不，也不这样”。
e.g. I am watching TV. So is she.
My parents didnt watch TV last night. Neither (Nor) did I.
5. 直接引语的全部或一部分放在句首时，主句中的主谓也常直接倒装。（完全倒装）
e.g. "Very well," said the French student.
"Bring me two eggs and a cup of tea, please." said he.
6. 在以never, little, hardly, not only, few, not, seldom等否定副词开头的句子中，采用部分倒装。如不放在句首就不要倒装。
e.g. Little did he say at the meeting.
Never shall I forget the day when I joined the Army.
比较：I shall never forget the day when I joined the Army.
7. 用于以only所修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句的句子中。
e.g. Only when the war was over in 1918 was he able to get happily back to wrk.
Only in this way can we learn English well.
注意：如果only后的词组不是状语，不需倒装。
e.g. Only Wang Lili knows this.
8. 为了表达生动，有时把表地点、方位的副词，如 up, down, out, away, in等放在句首，同时把谓语动词放在主语之前。若主语为人称代词，主语和谓语动词的位置不变，只将副词放在句首。（完全倒装）
e.g. Away hurried the boy.
Out rushed the girl.
9. 在虚拟结构中，条件从句的谓语含有were, had 和should这三个词是，可省去if，将这些词移至主语之前。
e.g. Had I time (= If I had time), I would go and help you.
Were I you (= If I were you), I would go abroad.
Should he come (=If he should come), tell him to ring me up.
10. as引导让步状语从句时要倒装（形容词/ 副词/ 名词/ 动词 + as + 主语 + 谓语）。
e.g. Proud as they are, they are afraid to see me.
Child as he is, he seems to know everything.（child前不加冠词）
Hard as he worded, he made little progress.
11. 用于某些表示祝愿的句子里。
e.g. May you succeed!
Long live the Peoples Republic of China!
12. So + 形容词、副词及such 置于句首时要倒装。
So happy did he feel.
Such was me.
同位语从句
一、在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在某些名词后面，用以说明该名词表示的具体内容。如：
I heard the news that our team had won．我听到了我们队获胜的消息。
I had no idea that you were here．我不知道你在这里。
二、可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，words（消息），possibility等。如：
I’ve come from Mr wang with a message that he won’t be able to see you this afternoon． 我从王先生那里来，他让我告诉你他今天下午不能来看你了。
三、英语中引导同位语从句的词通有连词 that，whether，连接副词 how,when,where等。（注：if,which 不能引导同位语从句。）如：
l have no idea When he will be back．我不知道他什么时候回来。
He must answer the question whether he agrees to or not.
他必须回答他是否同意这样一个问题。
四、有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在说明的名词后面，而被别的词隔开。 如：
Several years later，word came that Napoleon himself was coming to inspect them．
几年以后，有消息传来说拿破仑要亲自视察他们。
The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city．
他突然想起可能敌人已经逃出城了。
五、同位语从句与定语从句的区别。
1、同位语从句与前面的名词是同位关系，即说明它前面名词的内容；而定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰关系，即限定它前面的名词范围，或补充一些情况。如：
The news that l have passed the exam is true．我通过了考试这一消息是真的。
（同位语从句，即从句所表达的意思就是前面名词的内容。）
The news that he told me just now is true．他刚才告诉我的消息是真的。
（定语从句，从句对前面名词起修饰限制作用，即“他告诉我的”那个消息，而不是别的消息。）
2、引导同位语从句的that是连词，在从句中不充当任何成份，而引导定语从句的that是关系代词，除起连接作用外，还在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语等。如：
The idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises many people.
计算机能够识别人的声音的想法使许多人感到惊奇。（that在从句中不充当任何成份。）
The idea that he gave surprises many people．他提出的观点令许多人感到吃惊。
（that在从句中作gave的宾语。）
一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行修饰，限定或说明，这个名词(或其它形
式)就是同位语。同位语与被它限定的词的格要一致，并常常紧挨在一起。
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主语和谓语有两种顺序：一是主语在前，叫自然语序。反之 ，如果谓语在主语前就是倒装语序，又分全部倒装语和部分倒装。全部倒装是把全部谓语放在主语之前，部分倒装是把助动词或情态动词放在主语之前。
1． 全部倒装：
1）。There be 句型：可以用在这类句型中的动词除外还可用 live, happen, exist, remain, stand等等作这类句型的谓语：
There are many students in the classroom.
Long , long ago there lived a king who loved horses very much.
There happened to be no body in the bedroom when the fire broke out.
There lies a large Greenland in front of the house .
2）。Here/there/now＋vi（常为come ,go）＋主语（必须是名词）
此句型中here/there→used for drawing attention to something/somebody（用来唤起注意）喂，注意了
Here comes Mary. → I can see Mary coming.
There goes the bell. 铃响了。→I can hear the bell ringing.
Here comes the bus.汽车来了。
There he comes.他来了。
这时句中不能用正在进行时
here句中也可用系动词
Here is John. →You say that when you see John arrive。
Here are some story books I want. →Here is what you asked for, or you are looking for.这就是我要的故事书。（我找了好久）
Here we are. This is the station.咱们到了，这就是火车站。
“Give me some paper .” “Here you are.”“给我点纸。” “给你。”
3).then引起谓语为 come, follow的句子
Then came a new difficulty. 然后产生了一个新的困难。
Then followed eight years of the Anti-Japanese War.接着是八年抗战。
4).out, in, up ,down, away 之类的副词作状语放在句首，主语比较长，也就是说主语不能是很短的人称代词，谓语为不及物动词come， go, run ,rush, etc。句式为：副词＋vi＋主语（必须是名词）
Away went the boy.
Away they went.
Out rushed the tiger from among the bushes.
In came the rose fragrance through the windows.
5).介词短语作状语放在句首，谓语为不及物动词，主语比较长，也就是说主语不能是很短的人称代词。句式为：介词短语＋vi＋主语（必须是名词）
In the middle of our school stands a high building.
From the distance came occasional barks.
6).表语放在句首，表语常为形容词，分词，副词，介词短语。要求主语比较长，也就是说主语不能是很短的人称代词。句式为：表语＋系动词＋主语（必须是名词）
Every important in the farms’ life is the radio weather report.
Present at the meeting were Professor White, Professor Smith and many other guests.
Gone are the days when the teachers were looked down upon.
Seriously damaged in the earthquake was the white building in the city.
Playing the guitar on the playground are the students from class five and class three.
On the both sides of the street are beautiful flowers.
South of city are two big lakes.
7) 直接引语中间或后面表示某人说这意思的插入语（特别是谓语较短时）:
“They must be in the fields now,” thought Xiao Lin.“他们准是下地了。”小林想道。
“Help! Help!” cried the little girl.小姑娘叫道：“救命！救命！”
如果主语不比谓语长，或是它后面有宾语，主语就仍然多放在前面：
“Take your seats, gentlemen,” Wilson shouted。 威尔逊嚷道：“先
生们坐好。” “That man is a famous star,” Xiao Yang told me in a whisper.小杨低声告诉我说：“那个人是著名的电影明星。”
2．部分倒装
1）。only＋副词/ 介词短语/ 状语从句
Only then did I realize the importance of English.
Only in this way can you make progress in your English.
Only when the war was over in1918 was he able to get happily back to work.
注意① 在only＋状语从句＋主句结构中，主句用倒装结构但从句用正常语序。
②only修饰主语，不倒装。Only Tom knows the answer.
2）。否定词（短语）开头的句子要用部分倒，：表示否定意义的副词never, nor，neither, 表示半否定意义的副词hardly，few, seldom, little, 含有no和not的词组by no means（决不）, in no time（很快）, at no time（在任何时候都不），（在任何情况下都不）not until, not only…but also, no sooner than＝ hardly when scarcely when即“否定词＋助动词/情态动词＋主语＋其他”。
Never have I been in this city.
Little/Seldom do I watch TV.
Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted.
注意①关联词的搭配
②前一分句倒装，后一分句不倒装。
3）以so开头,用 “so＋助动词/情态动词/系动词＋主语”表示前面叙述的情况也适合于另一个人或物，译作 “也，同样，也如此”。表示前面叙述的否定情况也适合于另一个人或物，用 “neither/nor＋助动词/情态动词/系动词＋主语”。 译作 “也不是，也没有”。
The boy left home, and so did his sister a week later.
Society has changed and so have the people in it.社会变了人也变了。
－I don’t think I can walk any further.
－Neither can I. Let’s stop for a rest.
注意① 当so表示对前句内容的肯定、附和，或进一步强调前面所说的情况，或者赞同前面的说法时译作 “的确，正是”应用自然语序：
－Tom works hard.
－So he does and so do you.
②倒装部分的助动词，情态动词，连系动词的时态和形式要与前句相一致，主谓一致的变化要与后面主语相呼应。
If you don’t go, neither/nor shall I.（If you don’t go, I shall not go.）
注意：表示前面的多种情况也适合于另一人或物，或者既有肯定又有否定情况或涉及到不同类型的动词时可用：It is the same with something /somebody或 So it is with something/somebody.
I like English very much, but I don’t like physics. It is the same with my brother.
She does well in English, but is poor in maths. So it is with Lucy.
Marx was born in Germany and German was his native language. It was the same with Engles
4）.引导让步状语从句表语/状语/动词原形＋as＋主语＋其他.
Clever as he is, he doesn’t study well.
Child as he is , he knows a lot.
Much as I like it, I won’t buy it .
Try as she might , she failed.
Try as he would, he might fail again.
Hard as he tried, he didn’t succeed.
注意：表语前的名词无形容词修饰时冠词要省略
5）so＋adj /adv放在句首:
So afraid was he in the darkness that he didn’t dare to move an itch.
So loudly did he speak that every could hear him.
6). 如果虚拟条件句的谓语含有were, should , were可以把if省略而将这三个词放于条件句主语前构成倒转装
If it hadn’t been for their help, we couldn’t have finished the work on time.＝Hadn’t it been for their help, we couldn’t have finished the work on time.
If there should be a flood, what would we do? ＝Should there be a flood, what would we do?
7). 频度副词及短语often, always, now and then , many a time , every other day等放在句首时有时也倒装：
Many a time has he come to comfort me.
Often did he warn themnot to do so.
8). 某些表示祝愿句子也用倒状语序：
May you succeed .祝你成功！
Long live the Communist Party of China! 共产党万岁！
自我检测：
1.Not until all the fish died in the river＿ how serious the pollution was.
A did the villages realize B the villages realized
C the villages did realize D didn’t the villages realize
2. So＿ that no fish can live in it.
A the lake is shallow B shallow the lake is
C shallow is the lake D is the lake shallow
3.Little ＿about his safety, though he was in great danger himself.
A does he care B did he care
C he cares D he cared
4. ＿for the free tickets, I wouldn’t have gone to the films so often.
A If it is not B Were it not
C Had it not been D If they were not
5 David has made great progress recently.
＿, and＿.
A So he has , so you have B so he has , so you have
C So has he , so have you so has he , so you have
6.Look, ＿
A Here the bus comes B here is the bus coming
C Here comes the bus D here the bus is coming
7.Where is Kate?
Look , ＿She is at the school gate.
A There she is B there is she
C Here you are D here it is
8.Which of the following sentences is right?
A In the teacher come. B In did come the teacher.
C In did the teacher come. D In came the teacher.
9. ＿he doesn’t get annoyed with her sometimes.
A Although much he likes her B Much although he likes her
C As he likes her much D Much as he likes her
10 Never ＿such a good film before.
A did I see B have I see
C I saw D I have seen
1. A 2. C 3. B 4. C 5. B 6. C 7. A 8. D 9. D 10. B
英语里同位语也是一种名词修饰语，单词、短语和从句都可用作同位语，最简单而又常见的同位语是位于所修饰的先行词之后，用来说明身份、职务、称号等的名词或名词短语。下面就从同位语的引导方式、同位语的构成来谈谈英语同位语。
一、同位语的引导方式
1．通常用逗号将同位语与其所修饰的先行词隔开，表示一种普通的同位关系。如：
A．This is Mr．Black，director of our hospital．
B．She is a good teacher，the friend of yours．
2．有时也可用破折号或冒号引导同位语，用破折号，停顿较长，对同位语起强调的作用；用冒号，停顿最长，强调的作用更大。
A．The orphan's daily necessities—clothes，food， etc．—are supplied by a kind-hearted teacher．
B．In a sense nouns can be divided into two kinds：the countable noun and the uncountable noun．
3．有时同位语之前带有引导词，表示同位成分之间的特殊意义。常见的同位语引导词有as，or，chiefly， especially，for example，for instance，in short，mainly，mostly，namely，that is，in particular，in other words，including， that is to say，such as，say，particularly，what，which，who，when，where， why，how，that，whether等。例如：
A．There remains only one problem，namely who they should send to head the research there．
B．Did he give you a pound，or a hundred pence？
C．A lot of people here，for example，John，would rather have coffee．
D．I have no idea what has happened to him．
4．另外，无需借用任何引导词或标点符号，而将同位语直接置于先行词之后。
A．I have the honor to introduce John's sister Jane to you．
B．Tom gave his friend John a book．
二、同位语的构成
1．名词及其短语（有时有逗号隔开）
A．George Bush，the present American president，was the governor of the state of Texas．
B．I want very much to read these new novels，especially the one you mentioned．
2．动名词短语（有逗号隔开）
A．He enjoys the exercise，swimming in winter．
B．Asking him to join us，that's a good idea．
3．不定式短语（有时有逗号隔开）
A．There is one thing he'll never do—tell lies．
B．The question what to do next hasn't been considered．
4．形容词及其短语（有逗号隔开）
A．He，short and thin，is unfit for the job．
B．All the countries，big or small，are equal．
5．介词短语（有时有逗号隔开）
As the head of the company，he had to explain what had happened．＝He，the head of the company，had to ex- plain what had happened．
6．名词性从句（其前面的先行词一般都带有定冠词the）。这样的先行词有fact，news，truth，knowledge， idea，hope，question，problem，assumption等。例如：
A．You have yet to answer my question whether you can lend me your bike．
B．They had to face the fact that the nearest filling station is 30kilometers away．
1． 全部倒装：
1）。There be 句型：可以用在这类句型中的动词除外还可用 live, happen, exist, remain, stand等等作这类句型的谓语：
There are many students in the classroom.
Long , long ago there lived a king who loved horses very much.
There happened to be no body in the bedroom when the fire broke out.
There lies a large Greenland in front of the house .
2）。Here/there/now＋vi（常为come ,go）＋主语（必须是名词）
此句型中here/there→used for drawing attention to something/somebody（用来唤起注意）喂，注意了
Here comes Mary. → I can see Mary coming.
There goes the bell. 铃响了。→I can hear the bell ringing.
Here comes the bus.汽车来了。
There he comes.他来了。
这时句中不能用正在进行时
here句中也可用系动词
Here is John. →You say that when you see John arrive。
Here are some story books I want. →Here is what you asked for, or you are looking for.这就是我要的故事书。（我找了好久）
Here we are. This is the station.咱们到了，这就是火车站。
“Give me some paper .” “Here you are.”“给我点纸。” “给你。”
3).then引起谓语为 come, follow的句子
Then came a new difficulty. 然后产生了一个新的困难。
Then followed eight years of the Anti-Japanese War.接着是八年抗战。
4).out, in, up ,down, away 之类的副词作状语放在句首，主语比较长，也就是说主语不能是很短的人称代词，谓语为不及物动词come， go, run ,rush, etc。句式为：副词＋vi＋主语（必须是名词）
Away went the boy.
Away they went.
Out rushed the tiger from among the bushes.
In came the rose fragrance through the windows.
5).介词短语作状语放在句首，谓语为不及物动词，主语比较长，也就是说主语不能是很短的人称代词。句式为：介词短语＋vi＋主语（必须是名词）
In the middle of our school stands a high building.
From the distance came occasional barks.
6).表语放在句首，表语常为形容词，分词，副词，介词短语。要求主语比较长，也就是说主语不能是很短的人称代词。句式为：表语＋系动词＋主语（必须是名词）
Every important in the farms’ life is the radio weather report.
Present at the meeting were Professor White, Professor Smith and many other guests.
Gone are the days when the teachers were looked down upon.
Seriously damaged in the earthquake was the white building in the city.
Playing the guitar on the playground are the students from class five and class three.
On the both sides of the street are beautiful flowers.
South of city are two big lakes.
7) 直接引语中间或后面表示某人说这意思的插入语（特别是谓语较短时）:
“They must be in the fields now,” thought Xiao Lin.“他们准是下地了。”小林想道。
“Help! Help!” cried the little girl.小姑娘叫道：“救命！救命！”
如果主语不比谓语长，或是它后面有宾语，主语就仍然多放在前面：
“Take your seats, gentlemen,” Wilson shouted。 威尔逊嚷道：“先
生们坐好。” “That man is a famous star,” Xiao Yang told me in a whisper.小杨低声告诉我说：“那个人是著名的电影明星。”
2．部分倒装
1）。only＋副词/ 介词短语/ 状语从句
Only then did I realize the importance of English.
Only in this way can you make progress in your English.
Only when the war was over in1918 was he able to get happily back to work.
注意① 在only＋状语从句＋主句结构中，主句用倒装结构但从句用正常语序。
②only修饰主语，不倒装。Only Tom knows the answer.
2）。否定词（短语）开头的句子要用部分倒，：表示否定意义的副词never, nor，neither, 表示半否定意义的副词hardly，few, seldom, little, 含有no和not的词组by no means（决不）, in no time（很快）, at no time（在任何时候都不），（在任何情况下都不）not until, not only…but also, no sooner than＝ hardly when scarcely when即“否定词＋助动词/情态动词＋主语＋其他”。
Never have I been in this city.
Little/Seldom do I watch TV.
Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted.
注意①关联词的搭配
②前一分句倒装，后一分句不倒装。
3）以so开头,用 “so＋助动词/情态动词/系动词＋主语”表示前面叙述的情况也适合于另一个人或物，译作 “也，同样，也如此”。表示前面叙述的否定情况也适合于另一个人或物，用 “neither/nor＋助动词/情态动词/系动词＋主语”。 译作 “也不是，也没有”。
The boy left home, and so did his sister a week later.
Society has changed and so have the people in it.社会变了人也变了。
－I don’t think I can walk any further.
－Neither can I. Let’s stop for a rest.
注意① 当so表示对前句内容的肯定、附和，或进一步强调前面所说的情况，或者赞同前面的说法时译作 “的确，正是”应用自然语序：
－Tom works hard.
－So he does and so do you.
②倒装部分的助动词，情态动词，连系动词的时态和形式要与前句相一致，主谓一致的变化要与后面主语相呼应。
If you don’t go, neither/nor shall I.（If you don’t go, I shall not go.）
注意：表示前面的多种情况也适合于另一人或物，或者既有肯定又有否定情况或涉及到不同类型的动词时可用：It is the same with something /somebody或 So it is with something/somebody.
I like English very much, but I don’t like physics. It is the same with my brother.
She does well in English, but is poor in maths. So it is with Lucy.
Marx was born in Germany and German was his native language. It was the same with Engles
4）.引导让步状语从句表语/状语/动词原形＋as＋主语＋其他.
Clever as he is, he doesn’t study well.
Child as he is , he knows a lot.
Much as I like it, I won’t buy it .
Try as she might , she failed.
Try as he would, he might fail again.
Hard as he tried, he didn’t succeed.
注意：表语前的名词无形容词修饰时冠词要省略
5）so＋adj /adv放在句首:
So afraid was he in the darkness that he didn’t dare to move an itch.
So loudly did he speak that every could hear him.
6). 如果虚拟条件句的谓语含有were, should , were可以把if省略而将这三个词放于条件句主语前构成倒转装
If it hadn’t been for their help, we couldn’t have finished the work on time.＝Hadn’t it been for their help, we couldn’t have finished the work on time.
If there should be a flood, what would we do? ＝Should there be a flood, what would we do?
7). 频度副词及短语often, always, now and then , many a time , every other day等放在句首时有时也倒装：
Many a time has he come to comfort me.
Often did he warn themnot to do so.
8). 某些表示祝愿句子也用倒状语序：
May you succeed .祝你成功！
Long live the Communist Party of China! 共产党万岁！
自我检测：
1.Not until all the fish died in the river＿ how serious the pollution was.
A did the villages realize B the villages realized
C the villages did realize D didn’t the villages realize
2. So＿ that no fish can live in it.
A the lake is shallow B shallow the lake is
C shallow is the lake D is the lake shallow
3.Little ＿about his safety, though he was in great danger himself.
A does he care B did he care
C he cares D he cared
4. ＿for the free tickets, I wouldn’t have gone to the films so often.
A If it is not B Were it not
C Had it not been D If they were not
5 David has made great progress recently.
＿, and＿.
A So he has , so you have B so he has , so you have
C So has he , so have you so has he , so you have
6.Look, ＿
A Here the bus comes B here is the bus coming
C Here comes the bus D here the bus is coming
7.Where is Kate?
Look , ＿She is at the school gate.
A There she is B there is she
C Here you are D here it is
8.Which of the following sentences is right?
A In the teacher come. B In did come the teacher.
C In did the teacher come. D In came the teacher.
9. ＿he doesn’t get annoyed with her sometimes.
A Although much he likes her B Much although he likes her
C As he likes her much D Much as he likes her
10 Never ＿such a good film before.
A did I see B have I see
C I saw D I have seen
1. A 2. C 3. B 4. C 5. B 6. C 7. A 8. D 9. D 10. B
英语里同位语也是一种名词修饰语，单词、短语和从句都可用作同位语，最简单而又常见的同位语是位于所修饰的先行词之后，用来说明身份、职务、称号等的名词或名词短语。下面就从同位语的引导方式、同位语的构成来谈谈英语同位语。
一、同位语的引导方式
1．通常用逗号将同位语与其所修饰的先行词隔开，表示一种普通的同位关系。如：
A．This is Mr．Black，director of our hospital．
B．She is a good teacher，the friend of yours．
2．有时也可用破折号或冒号引导同位语，用破折号，停顿较长，对同位语起强调的作用；用冒号，停顿最长，强调的作用更大。
A．The orphan's daily necessities—clothes，food， etc．—are supplied by a kind-hearted teacher．
B．In a sense nouns can be divided into two kinds：the countable noun and the uncountable noun．
3．有时同位语之前带有引导词，表示同位成分之间的特殊意义。常见的同位语引导词有as，or，chiefly， especially，for example，for instance，in short，mainly，mostly，namely，that is，in particular，in other words，including， that is to say，such as，say，particularly，what，which，who，when，where， why，how，that，whether等。例如：
A．There remains only one problem，namely who they should send to head the research there．
B．Did he give you a pound，or a hundred pence？
C．A lot of people here，for example，John，would rather have coffee．
D．I have no idea what has happened to him．
4．另外，无需借用任何引导词或标点符号，而将同位语直接置于先行词之后。
A．I have the honor to introduce John's sister Jane to you．
B．Tom gave his friend John a book．
二、同位语的构成
1．名词及其短语（有时有逗号隔开）
A．George Bush，the present American president，was the governor of the state of Texas．
B．I want very much to read these new novels，especially the one you mentioned．
2．动名词短语（有逗号隔开）
A．He enjoys the exercise，swimming in winter．
B．Asking him to join us，that's a good idea．
3．不定式短语（有时有逗号隔开）
A．There is one thing he'll never do—tell lies．
B．The question what to do next hasn't been considered．
4．形容词及其短语（有逗号隔开）
A．He，short and thin，is unfit for the job．
B．All the countries，big or small，are equal．
5．介词短语（有时有逗号隔开）
As the head of the company，he had to explain what had happened．＝He，the head of the company，had to ex- plain what had happened．
6．名词性从句（其前面的先行词一般都带有定冠词the）。这样的先行词有fact，news，truth，knowledge， idea，hope，question，problem，assumption等。例如：
A．You have yet to answer my question whether you can lend me your bike．
B．They had to face the fact that the nearest filling station is 30kilometers away．
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