求四种英语的被动语态结构

希望知到现在将来时,过去将来时,现在完成时,过去完成时的被动语态结构。。。。谢谢... 希望知到现在将来时,过去将来时,现在完成时,过去完成时的被动语态结构。。。。谢谢 展开
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2014-02-18
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被动语态,即不知道动作执行者或强调动作承受者的一种语态。英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。英语中有两种语态:主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者,即行为动作的对象。例如:Many people speak Chinese.
  谓语:speak的动作是由主语many people来执行的。
  例如:Chinese is spoken by many people. 中文Chinese是动词speak的承受者。 被例如中文常说:我被他打,这就是一种被动。但有时由于句子结构上的需要也要用被动,例如It is not unusual for workers in that region to be paid more than a month it 在句中作形式主语。而不定式to be paid more than a month是句子的逻辑主语。结合选项全句的意思是:“那个地方的工人一个多月后才得到工资是常有的事”。英语被动语态的构成通常是:“Be+Passive”。但“Get+Passive”也可以构成被动语态,用这种结构的句子侧重于动作的结果而不是动作本身。如: The man got hurt on his way home. 那个男人在回家的路上受伤了。 How did the glass get broken? 杯子怎么破了?当主动语态要被改成被动的时候,我们把原句的宾语提前,作为改句的主语,主语后置,作为宾语。因此有一点要注意,不及物动词由于不加宾语,没有被动形式,但不及物动词如果与某些介词构成介词短语,可以用被动。例如The fire had been put out before the fireman arrived. Put是不及物动词,但put out是及物动词。(一般现在,一般过去,一般将来):am, is, are, was, were, is going to be , will be+done . 例如: Once environmental damage is done, it takes many years for the system to recover. 本句的意思是:“环境一旦遭到破坏,需要多年时间才能恢复过来。”do作为及物动词有“引起,产生”的含义,do damage的意思是“造成破坏”。主语damage是及物动词do的动作对象,谓语应当用被动语态。同样的,还有,I will mend the machine.相当于The machine will be mended (by me).  ① 有些动词在主动结构中,后面接不带to的不定式,但如果改为被动,则需把省略的to加上,这类动词有 [let, make, have,help]和感官动词[feel,see,hear,watch,look at,listen to],如:The boss made my grandfather work 10hours a day.改成My grandfather was made to work for 10 hours a day.   ② 含有宾语从句的主动结构变为被动,通常用it作为被动结构的先行主语,从句放在句子后面/也可采用另一种形式,这类动词有:know, say, believe, find, think, report等   ③ 不是所有的主动句都可以变换成被动句,更不是所有的被动句都可以自由变换成主动句。虽然语法原则上允许主动和被动句的互相转换,但有的句子转换后会变成不通顺或不地道的英语句子。因此,在某些题目里,这也成为判断应该用主动还是用被动的依据。

④ 有些动词可以有两个宾语,在用于被动结构时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。多是把间接宾语变为主语。这样句子自然些。直接宾语变为主语时,间接宾语要变为某个介词的宾语,介词to可以省略。如His father left him this house.改为This house was left (to) him by his father.
  ⑤ 有些动词虽为及物,但宾语并非是动作承受者,不能转换,这些动词有have, hold(容纳),suit, fit, lack, become(适合)contain, cost, last, mean, suffice(足够)等。
  ⑥ 当直接宾语为反身代词、相互代词或宾语前有指代主语的物主代词时不用被动,如I shook my head.我摇摇头。
  ⑦ 当宾语为同源宾语(与主句指同一人),动名词,动词不定式或一个从句时不用被动。如John enjoyed seeing the fil,.
  ⑧ 在一些固定说法中,有些名词和动词结合的固定说法,不能改We Chinese always keep our word.
  ⑨ 某些从不及物动词转化来的及物动词,直接宾语在表示动作的方式或效果时,这些动词在意思上起状语的作用,没有被动The girl kissed her boyfriend good night=The girl said good night to her boyfriend by kissing him.(这个女孩说了晚安并且亲了他的男朋友)
  ⑩ 表地点\处所\组织\长度\大小\数量\程度\抽象名词的词做宾语时不用被动.
  �7�6 某些“不及物动词+介词”短语walk into, listen to, sleep in, agree with, shake hands with, belong to, take part in, keep up with不能用被动。
  �7�7 某些词用主动表被动:sell, miss, build, grow, smell, taste, sound, feel等

1.一般现在时的被动语态构成:is / am / are + 及物动词的过去分词
  Our classroom is cleaned everyday.
  I am asked to study hard.
  Knives are used for cutting things.
  2.一般过去时的被动语态构成:was / were + 及物动词的过去分词
  A new shop was built last year.
  Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago.
  3.现在完成时的被动语态构成:has / have + been + 及物动词的过去分词
  This book has been translated into many languages.
  Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries.
  4.一般将来时的被动语态构成:will+ be + 及物动词的过去分词
  A new hospital will be built in our city.
  Many more trees will be planted next year.
  5.含有情态动词的被动语态构成:情态动词+ be + 及物动词的过去分词
  Young trees must be watered often.
  Your mistakes should be corrected right now.
  The door may be locked inside.
  Your homework can be handed in tomorrow.
  6.现在进行时的被动语态构成:am / is / are + being + 及物动词的过去分词
  Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.→
  My bike is being repaired by Tom now.
  They are planting trees over there. →
  Trees are being planted over there by them.
  7.不定式的被动语态:to + be + 及物动词的过去分词
  There are two books to be read. →
  There are twenty more trees to be planted.
  8.过去将来时的被动语态:would + be + 及物动词的过去分词
  He said he would finish the work soon.
  He said the work would be finished soon by him
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