句法错误
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学习英语写作，要学的东西很多，但必须从单句练习做起，因为写好单句是练习英语写作的基础和关键。这项基本功不过关，写出来的东西就会让人费解，甚至无法使人理解。
1．残缺句。句子的一部分从它所属的句子分离出来并作为一个独立的句子，这就出现残缺句（sentence fragment）。例如：
Many people prefer taking subway to go to work． Because it is faster and cheaper．（去掉work后的句号，Because改为be－cause）
2．连缀句。就句法而言，学生在写作中最常出现的错误恐怕就是连缀句（run－on sentence）。常见的类型有：
1）两个独立句子连在一起，中间并没有任何标点符号。
例如：
误：The girls made the fire the boys cooked the food．
正：（a）The girls made the fire．The boys cooked the food．
（c） The girls made the fire，and the boys cooked the food．
2）两个独立句子中间仅用逗号分开。例如：
误：He went to class，he forgot his paper．
正：（a）He went to class． He forgot his paper．
（b）He went to class；he forgot his paper．
（c）He went to class，but he forgot his paper．
（d）When he got to class，he found that he had forgotten his
3）把连接副词（conjunctive adverbs）误用为连接词。例如：
误：She continued teaching，however her heart was not in it．
正：（a）She continued teaching，but her heart was not in it．
（b）She continued teaching；however，her heart was not in it．
（c）She continued teaching；her heart， however， was not in it．
应特别注意，下列副词容易被误认为是连接词：accordingly，also，anyhow，besides，consequently，furthermore，however，in－stead， likewise， meanwhile， moreover， nevertheless，otherwise，still，then，therefore，thus等。
下面两例都是病句，其纠正的方法可参看上例。
误：Everything seemed quiet， then the explosion came．
误： I was late，nevertheless I made the plane．
4）把转折语（transitional phrases）误用为连接语（connectives）。例如：
误：He disliked discipline，that is，he really was lazy．
正：（a）He disliked discipline；that is，he really was lazy．
（b）He disliked discipline， that is， anything demanding．
应特别注意，下列转折语容易被误认为是连接语：for example， for instance，for this reason， in addition，in other words，in fact，in summary，in the same way，in conclusion，in the mean time，on one side，on the other hand，on the contrary， to sum up等。
5）在直接引语的句中误用了逗号。例如：
误：“Who won？”Elizabeth asked，“What was the score？”
正：“Who won？”Elizabeth asked．“What was the score？”
误：“Marry her，”Martin said，“after all，she is very rich．”
正：“Marry her，”Martin said．“After all，she is very rich．”
6）受汉语标点符号用法的影响。在汉译英或用英语写作时，把汉语句中的标点符号用“对号入座”的办法，硬搬到英语句中。例如：
北京的春天，气候温和，花儿到处开放。
误：In Beijing，spring is warm，there are flowers every- where．
（完全按汉语标点符号，两个逗号，一个句号。）
正：In Beijing， spring is warm and there are flowers every- where．
（按英语标点符号，一个逗号，一个句号。）
小山上各处的椅子已经坐满了人，有的人找不到座儿，就
坐在石头上。
误：All the chairs on the hills were taken，some people were unable to find
（完全按汉语标点符号，两个逗号，一个句号。）
正：All the chairs on the hills were taken．Unable to find seats，some
（按英语标点符号，一个逗号，两个句号，即把中文的一个句
子写成英语的两个句子。）
3．句子成分不匀衡。平衡结构（parallelism）就是把结构相同，意义并重，语气一致的词组或句子排列成串，形成一个整体。但在英语写作中不少学生对这种排比写法往往掌握不好，容易写出一些不匀衡的句子。例如：
He listened to his teacher with care and attentively．（把with care改为carefully）
4．不连贯的短句（choppy sentences）。不连贯的短句指两个或两个以上简短句子排列在一起，这些短句提供的信息量很小，甚至把一个简单的思想内容也割裂成两个或两个以上的内容用短句加以表达。虽然这些句子语法正确，但不连贯，显得乏力。在写作中应避免连续使用这样的句子。例如：
①Some students go to college to get a degree．Some students go to college to get an education．
②My best friend in high school was our English teacher．Her name was Li Ming．She taught us English for three years．
③Tom wrote a quick note．It was to Nancy．She was hisformer employer．
④The trees were covered with ice．They sparkled in the sunlight．They were beautiful．
要改写好这些短句，可以使用各种不同的方法。下面这几种方法较常见。
1）如果句与句之间意义并重，用并列连词（and，but，or，yet，etc．）或连接副词（therefore， however，thus，otherwise，etc．）改写为并列句。例如：
Some students go to college to get a degree，and others go to college to get an education．
2）如果一个句子依附于另一个句子，意义上有主次之分，可用从属连词（because，when，if，since，etc．）改写为复合句。例如：
My best friend in high school was our English teacher，Ms．Li Ming， who taught us English for three years．
3）把其中某个短句改为同位语。例如：
Tom wrote a quick note to Nancy，his former employer．
4）把其中某个短句改为分词结构。例如：
Sparkling in the sunlight， the ice－covered trees were beautiful．
5．句子的前后不一致（awkward shift）。在写作英语句子时，要使整个句子在时态、语态、语气、单复数以及人称诸方面前后保持一致。违反了这个原则，就会出现句子前后不一致的错误。
1）时态不一致的错误。例如：
A person who has good friends enjoyed life more．（enjoyed改为enjoys）
2）语态不一致的错误。例如：
He lived in the countryside for two years，and his life there was always remembered by him．（改为he always remembered his life there）
3）语气不一致的错误。例如：
If I were you，I will beat him．（will改为would）
4）人称和数不一致的错误。例如：
If one tries hard，they can pass the exam．（they改为one）
6．句义不清楚的句子。把一个英语句子的意思表达清楚，这是英语写作最基本的要求。而要把句子的意思表达清楚，很主要的一点是要了解容易造成句子意思不清楚的原因，这样才能对症下药，避免产生句义不清楚的句子。造成英语句子意思不清楚的原因很多，其中主要的有以下几方面。
1）不适当的省略。在写英语句子时能省去的词一定毫无保留地省去，但省略一定要以意思表达清楚为前提，否则是不可取的。例如：
He walked until the park．（改为until he reached the park）
2）误用表达方式。有些英语句子的意思模糊不清是由于表达方式造成的。有时好像两种表达方式都可以，其实不然。例如：
In spite of only a few students，the teacher began his class．（改为Though only a few students were present）
3）缺乏必要的细节。有时英语句子意思模糊不清是由于缺少必要的细节。加上必要的细节后，句子的意思就清楚、连贯了。例如：
Last Sunday I went to see my uncle．Nobody was there．Disappointed I had to come back home．（改为When I got to his home，I found nobody was there．）
4）修饰语误置。修饰语在句子中的位置不当是造成英语句子意思模糊不清的一个重要原因，有时还会引起歧义。例如：
At this time of night I knew that he was still working．（把at this time of night移到that后面）
7．垂悬修饰语。当现在分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时，这种现在分词短语就会变成垂悬修饰语（dangling modifier）。在正式英语中，垂悬修饰语是被当作错误来处理的。例如：
Having studied hard， the examination was passed success－fully．（改为Having studied hard，he passed the examination successfully）
通常情况下，可采用两种方法来避免垂悬修饰语。其一是调整主语，使分词短语的逻辑主语与句子主语一致，见上例。其二是在分词短语前加上合适的逻辑主语，变分词短语为独立主格结构。
1．残缺句。句子的一部分从它所属的句子分离出来并作为一个独立的句子，这就出现残缺句（sentence fragment）。例如：
Many people prefer taking subway to go to work． Because it is faster and cheaper．（去掉work后的句号，Because改为be－cause）
2．连缀句。就句法而言，学生在写作中最常出现的错误恐怕就是连缀句（run－on sentence）。常见的类型有：
1）两个独立句子连在一起，中间并没有任何标点符号。
例如：
误：The girls made the fire the boys cooked the food．
正：（a）The girls made the fire．The boys cooked the food．
（c） The girls made the fire，and the boys cooked the food．
2）两个独立句子中间仅用逗号分开。例如：
误：He went to class，he forgot his paper．
正：（a）He went to class． He forgot his paper．
（b）He went to class；he forgot his paper．
（c）He went to class，but he forgot his paper．
（d）When he got to class，he found that he had forgotten his
3）把连接副词（conjunctive adverbs）误用为连接词。例如：
误：She continued teaching，however her heart was not in it．
正：（a）She continued teaching，but her heart was not in it．
（b）She continued teaching；however，her heart was not in it．
（c）She continued teaching；her heart， however， was not in it．
应特别注意，下列副词容易被误认为是连接词：accordingly，also，anyhow，besides，consequently，furthermore，however，in－stead， likewise， meanwhile， moreover， nevertheless，otherwise，still，then，therefore，thus等。
下面两例都是病句，其纠正的方法可参看上例。
误：Everything seemed quiet， then the explosion came．
误： I was late，nevertheless I made the plane．
4）把转折语（transitional phrases）误用为连接语（connectives）。例如：
误：He disliked discipline，that is，he really was lazy．
正：（a）He disliked discipline；that is，he really was lazy．
（b）He disliked discipline， that is， anything demanding．
应特别注意，下列转折语容易被误认为是连接语：for example， for instance，for this reason， in addition，in other words，in fact，in summary，in the same way，in conclusion，in the mean time，on one side，on the other hand，on the contrary， to sum up等。
5）在直接引语的句中误用了逗号。例如：
误：“Who won？”Elizabeth asked，“What was the score？”
正：“Who won？”Elizabeth asked．“What was the score？”
误：“Marry her，”Martin said，“after all，she is very rich．”
正：“Marry her，”Martin said．“After all，she is very rich．”
6）受汉语标点符号用法的影响。在汉译英或用英语写作时，把汉语句中的标点符号用“对号入座”的办法，硬搬到英语句中。例如：
北京的春天，气候温和，花儿到处开放。
误：In Beijing，spring is warm，there are flowers every- where．
（完全按汉语标点符号，两个逗号，一个句号。）
正：In Beijing， spring is warm and there are flowers every- where．
（按英语标点符号，一个逗号，一个句号。）
小山上各处的椅子已经坐满了人，有的人找不到座儿，就
坐在石头上。
误：All the chairs on the hills were taken，some people were unable to find
（完全按汉语标点符号，两个逗号，一个句号。）
正：All the chairs on the hills were taken．Unable to find seats，some
（按英语标点符号，一个逗号，两个句号，即把中文的一个句
子写成英语的两个句子。）
3．句子成分不匀衡。平衡结构（parallelism）就是把结构相同，意义并重，语气一致的词组或句子排列成串，形成一个整体。但在英语写作中不少学生对这种排比写法往往掌握不好，容易写出一些不匀衡的句子。例如：
He listened to his teacher with care and attentively．（把with care改为carefully）
4．不连贯的短句（choppy sentences）。不连贯的短句指两个或两个以上简短句子排列在一起，这些短句提供的信息量很小，甚至把一个简单的思想内容也割裂成两个或两个以上的内容用短句加以表达。虽然这些句子语法正确，但不连贯，显得乏力。在写作中应避免连续使用这样的句子。例如：
①Some students go to college to get a degree．Some students go to college to get an education．
②My best friend in high school was our English teacher．Her name was Li Ming．She taught us English for three years．
③Tom wrote a quick note．It was to Nancy．She was hisformer employer．
④The trees were covered with ice．They sparkled in the sunlight．They were beautiful．
要改写好这些短句，可以使用各种不同的方法。下面这几种方法较常见。
1）如果句与句之间意义并重，用并列连词（and，but，or，yet，etc．）或连接副词（therefore， however，thus，otherwise，etc．）改写为并列句。例如：
Some students go to college to get a degree，and others go to college to get an education．
2）如果一个句子依附于另一个句子，意义上有主次之分，可用从属连词（because，when，if，since，etc．）改写为复合句。例如：
My best friend in high school was our English teacher，Ms．Li Ming， who taught us English for three years．
3）把其中某个短句改为同位语。例如：
Tom wrote a quick note to Nancy，his former employer．
4）把其中某个短句改为分词结构。例如：
Sparkling in the sunlight， the ice－covered trees were beautiful．
5．句子的前后不一致（awkward shift）。在写作英语句子时，要使整个句子在时态、语态、语气、单复数以及人称诸方面前后保持一致。违反了这个原则，就会出现句子前后不一致的错误。
1）时态不一致的错误。例如：
A person who has good friends enjoyed life more．（enjoyed改为enjoys）
2）语态不一致的错误。例如：
He lived in the countryside for two years，and his life there was always remembered by him．（改为he always remembered his life there）
3）语气不一致的错误。例如：
If I were you，I will beat him．（will改为would）
4）人称和数不一致的错误。例如：
If one tries hard，they can pass the exam．（they改为one）
6．句义不清楚的句子。把一个英语句子的意思表达清楚，这是英语写作最基本的要求。而要把句子的意思表达清楚，很主要的一点是要了解容易造成句子意思不清楚的原因，这样才能对症下药，避免产生句义不清楚的句子。造成英语句子意思不清楚的原因很多，其中主要的有以下几方面。
1）不适当的省略。在写英语句子时能省去的词一定毫无保留地省去，但省略一定要以意思表达清楚为前提，否则是不可取的。例如：
He walked until the park．（改为until he reached the park）
2）误用表达方式。有些英语句子的意思模糊不清是由于表达方式造成的。有时好像两种表达方式都可以，其实不然。例如：
In spite of only a few students，the teacher began his class．（改为Though only a few students were present）
3）缺乏必要的细节。有时英语句子意思模糊不清是由于缺少必要的细节。加上必要的细节后，句子的意思就清楚、连贯了。例如：
Last Sunday I went to see my uncle．Nobody was there．Disappointed I had to come back home．（改为When I got to his home，I found nobody was there．）
4）修饰语误置。修饰语在句子中的位置不当是造成英语句子意思模糊不清的一个重要原因，有时还会引起歧义。例如：
At this time of night I knew that he was still working．（把at this time of night移到that后面）
7．垂悬修饰语。当现在分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时，这种现在分词短语就会变成垂悬修饰语（dangling modifier）。在正式英语中，垂悬修饰语是被当作错误来处理的。例如：
Having studied hard， the examination was passed success－fully．（改为Having studied hard，he passed the examination successfully）
通常情况下，可采用两种方法来避免垂悬修饰语。其一是调整主语，使分词短语的逻辑主语与句子主语一致，见上例。其二是在分词短语前加上合适的逻辑主语，变分词短语为独立主格结构。
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