Question

麻烦帮忙翻译成英语

计算机系统的结构层次
现代计算机系统是由硬件和软件组成的一个复杂系统，按其功能可分为多层次结构，层次结构由上往下依次为应用语言机器级、高级语言机器级、汇编语言机器级操作系统机器级、传统机器级和微程序机器级。
计算机系统的结构层次可分为六级，其中第0级机器由硬件实现，第一级由微程序实现，2-6级由软件实现。其中，第0级-第二级的机器我们称为实际机器，第3级-第6级我们称为虚拟机器。下面我们来依次介绍计算机系统各个层次的实质与性质。
前两级是实现机器功能的中央控制部分，而第0级为硬件组成的实体，依靠硬联逻辑实现微指令本身的控制时序，所以说它是机器的硬件内核。第一级是微程序级其机器语言是微指集，它的主要功能是配备微指令，编写微程序控制信息在各寄存器之间的传送。
第三级是操作系统级，一方面它要管理机器中的软硬件资源，另一方面它又是传统机器的延伸。计算机系统中软件硬件和软件资源由该级管理和统一调度。
第四级是汇编语言级，这级的机器语言是汇编语言,用它编写的程序首先翻译成第三极或第二级语言然后再由相应的机器进行解释。完成汇编语言翻译的程序叫做汇编程序。
第五级是高级语言级，其机器语言是各种高级语言，其编写的程序一般是经应用程序包翻译成高级语言程序后，再逐级向下实现的。
第六级是应用语言机器，其机器语言为应用语言。这一级是为了使计算机满足某种用途而专门设计的，因此这一级语言是各种面向问题的应用语言。这种语言使非计算机专业的人员也能直接使用计算机。
这样，计算机系统的结构层次我们就介绍完了，下面，我们来简单地介绍一下虚拟机的概念。
虚拟机指通过软件模拟的具有完整硬件系统功能的、运行在一个完全隔离环境中的完整计算机系统。
根据以上的介绍，第0级用硬件实现，第一级用微程序实现，第二级到第五级大多用软件实现。我们称以软件为主实现的机器为虚拟机器，以区别于由硬件或固件实现的实际机器。但是，值得一提的是，虚拟机不一定全都由软件实现，有些操作可以由固件或硬件实现。
应用语言虚拟机器级是为了满足信息管理、人工智能、图像处理、辅助设计等专门的应用来设计的。
虚拟机器只对该级的观察者存在，即在某一级观察者看来，他只需要通过该级的语言来了解和使用计算机，至于下级是如何工作和实现就不必关心了。
以上就是关于计算机结构层次和虚拟机的一些相关概念，总之，在计算机技术风靡全球的当今世界，掌握和理解计算机知识无论是对我们的发展还是世界的繁荣都有着不可忽视的意义。

Answer 1

Structure of computer system
The modern computer system is a complex system composed of hardware and software, its functions can be divided into hierarchical structure, hierarchical structure from top to bottom for the application of language, a high-level language machine level machine level, machine level, assembly language machine level operating system of traditional machine level and micro machine level program.
Structure of computer system can be divided into six levels, including zeroth level machine realized by hardware,the first level micro program, 2-6 is realized by software. Among them, the machine level zeroth level second wecalled the actual machine, third - to sixth stage we called virtual machine. Here we introduce the essence andnature of the computer system at all levels.
The two level is the central control part of the realization of the function of the machine, and the zeroth level for thehardware entity, depending on the hardware logic realization of micro instruction sequence control itself, so it is the kernel of the hardware machine. The first is the micro program level machine language is set to the micro, its main function is equipped with micro instructions, write microprogram control to transfer information between each register.
The third level is the level of operating system, on the one hand it to the hardware and software resources management in the machine, on the other hand it is the extension of traditional machine. The computer systemsoftware and hardware and software resources by the level of management and unified scheduling.
The fourth level is the assembly language level, the level of machine language is assembly language, a program is first translated into a third or second language and then by the corresponding machine to explain. Completeassembly language program is a compilation of procedures.
The fifth level is the level of high-level language, machine language is a high-level language, the program is theapplication package of advanced language program, and then down the.
The sixth level is the application of the machine language, machine language for application language. This classis designed to enable the computer to meet certain purposes, so this level of language is the language problem oriented application. This language to non computer professionals can also direct the use of computer.
In this way, structure of computer system we had introduced, here, we briefly introduce the concept of virtual machine.
The virtual machine refers to the software simulation of a complete hardware system function, running in a completely isolated environment in a complete computer system.
According to the above introduction, zeroth in hardware, first with the micro program, second grade and fifth gradeare realized by software. We call a software based implementation machine for the virtual machine, which is different from the actual machine is realized by hardware or firmware. However, it is worth mentioning that, the virtual machine is not necessarily all realized by software, some operations can be implemented by hardware orfirmware.
The application of virtual machine level in order to meet the needs of information management, artificial intelligence, image processing, computer aided design is applied to the design of the special.
The virtual machine exists only on the level of the observer, it seems that in an observer, he only needs tounderstand and use the computer through the level of the language, the lower is how to work and don't care.
The above is about the structure of computer and virtual machine related concepts, in short, in today's world of computer technology has swept the world, understand and master computer knowledge both has important significance to our development and prosperity of the world.

Answer 2

Hierarchy of computer systems
Modern computer system is a complex system of hardware and software components and their functions can be divided into multi-level structure, the hierarchy from top to bottom for the application of the machine language level, high-level language for machine-level, machine-level assembly language operating system machine level traditional machine-level and machine-level micro-program.
Hierarchy of computer systems can be divided into six, the first of which 0 machine implemented in hardware, the first stage of the program implemented by micro, 2-6 grade by the software. Wherein the first 0 - second stage machine we call the actual machine, level 3 - level 6 we called virtual machines. Let us turn introduce the essence and nature of computer systems at all levels.
The first two stages to achieve the machine's functions central control section, and section 0 entity hardware, relying on hardwired logic implementation to control the timing of the microinstruction itself, so it is the machine's hardware kernel. The first stage is a micro machine language program which is a micro-level means set, its main function is equipped microinstruction write microprogram control information transfer between the registers.
The third level is the operating system level, on the one hand it is to manage the machine hardware and software resources, on the other hand it is an extension of traditional machines. Computer system software and hardware and software resources unified management and by that stage.
The fourth stage is the assembly language level, this level of machine language is assembly language, use it to prepare the program first translated into a third pole or second grade language and then interpreted by the corresponding machine. Complete assembly language translation program is called assembler.
The fifth stage is a high-level languages, which machine language is a variety of high-level language, which is a program written by the application package generally translate into high-level language program, and then implemented step by step down.
The sixth stage is the application of the language machine, machine language for the application language. This level is to make the computer specifically designed to meet the particular purpose, so this level of language is the language issue-oriented applications. This language enables non-computer professional staff can also directly use the computer.
Thus, the hierarchy of the computer system that we introduced over, here, we briefly introduce the concept of virtual machines.
VM refers to software simulation of a complete hardware system functions, run in a completely isolated environment of complete computer systems.
According to the above description, the first 0 implemented in hardware, the first stage with the micro program implements the second stage to the fifth stage mostly implemented in software. We call software-based virtual machine to achieve a machine, to distinguish it from the actual machine implemented in hardware or firmware. However, it is worth mentioning that all virtual machines are not necessarily implemented by software, some operations may be implemented by firmware or hardware.
Applied Language virtual machine-level applications to meet specific information management, artificial intelligence, image processing, aided design to design.
Virtual machine exists only on the level of observer, that at some level it seems the viewer, he just needs to understand the level of language and the use of computers, as to how to achieve lower levels do not have to work and care about.
These are on the computer hierarchy and virtual machines some related concepts, in short, in the rage of computer technology in today's world, to grasp and understand the computer knowledge both for our development and prosperity of the world still have a significance can not be ignored.
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