Question

@@急，谁能提供移动信息相关的英文中文对译论文给我！@@

导师需要翻译一篇英文的移动信息相关的论文，时间紧张，希望各位高手能帮忙。3000字左右

Answer 1

3G: Sophistication Guaranteed

Telecommunications evolution is undergoing a rapid vamp to the future; the evolution is almost exponential, from the analog types to 2Gs and then finally the latest mobile innovation the 3G technology. The 3G techie is the latest on-stream line of communications which offers advanced voice communications and high-speed data connectivity, with wireless Internet access, mobile data applications and high multimedia content. The 3G model embodies true sophistication in terms of mobile technology but why was this phrase used to describe it? To answer this an investigation of the roots and processes of 3G would be required.

Mobile technology's conception started from the analogs. Analog networks, or first generation wireless technology has been introduced in the mid 1980s in America, a technology that was incredibly region-specific in character. As the demand for mobile communications grew, the digital 2G emerged in the 1990s flanking the undercapacity of the 1G systems.

Second generation mobile systems operate on the following fundamentals: TDMA, (IS-54 and IS-136), GSM and CDMA IS-95 or cdmaOne. GSM, used worldwide, is a packet-switched technology that transports speed theoretically of up to 115 kbit/s. Unfortunately, these technologies were found to be incompatible with each other, and many mobile techies were incredibly delimited to a specific region or country. They are also fabricated mainly for voice data and slow transmission. Rapid changes in user expectation and communication needs, sought the need for improvement. The resolution: a unifying digital wireless communications that would make global roaming with a single handset possible.

3G refers to the third generation wireless technology and networks and was invented in 1999 (Xavier, ?). It is actually a modified concept of 2G mobile phone systems. It is based on an International Telecommunication Union (ITU) scheme establishing for single global wireless standard called International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000), a resolution to the defects of 2G system. System capacity and spectrum efficiency over 2G systems was the underlying theme of the ITU standardization systems. Minimum transmission rates was set at 144 kbps in mobile (outdoor) and 2 Mbps in fixed (indoor) environments.

(Qualcomm, 2001). Simply put, it is an improved wireless technological device for a collection of international standards and technologies intended to increased efficiency output and improved mobile wireless network performance.

Since 3G is actually a convergence, the different networks working to standardized it, may be classified as follows: WCDMA, CDMA2000, UMTS and EDGE. The variation as opposed to the standardization cannot really be resolved since there are economic forces or stakeholders who have vested interest in favor of that particular standard. WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) refers to broadband digital radio communications of Internet, multimedia messaging, video streaming and other capacity-demanding applications and is the preferred 3G network in Europe, Asia, Japan, United States and Africa. Conversion of input data (e.g. image, video, voice) to a narrowband digital radio signal tagged with a specific marker is the method for multi-rate transmission of the network.

CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) is the leading 3g network as of current providing over a hundred million consumers worldwide. It was selected as the industry standard by the ITU (International Telecommunications Union)..CDMA technology is a combination of two networking assets: CDMA2000 1X and CDMA2000 1xEV-DO. The capacity and performance of voice and data services of CDMA2000 1X is twice that of the former CDMA systems and surpasses that of TDMA and GSM.

Peak data rates are reached to about 153 kbps without intervening voice capacity. It also offers longer standby times. Its' high compatibility with the former CDMA facilitate upgrade of mobile technology to current. CDMA2000 1xEV-DO is a data-optimized version of CDMA2000 providing peak rates of more than 2 Mbps, with an average output of over 700 kbps. This fast technology is parallel to DSL service and can support video streaming data and large byte file downloads. The stipulation for CDMA2000 1xEV-DO is to delivers maximum number of data (Megabyte) at the lowest cost possible.

Being the selected technology, CDMA offers the best packages in mobile technology. CDMA builds on the former CDMA systems and improvised on it like the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM and OFDMA), advanced control and signal procedure, improved interference signalmanagement techniques, end-to-end Quality of Service (QoS), and new antenna techniques such as Multiple Inputs Multiple Outputs (MIMO) and Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA).

The advantage of this improved packages include the following: (1) lead performance (e.g. data speed, capacity, latency), (2) spectrum efficiency, (3) advanced mobile services support (4) IP compatible (5) device selection (6) seamless evolution path and and ;(7) global/network coverage flexibility. Best of all it leads lower cost of total ownership (CDMA Development Group, 2007).

UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) is the mobile telephone standard in Europe, set by ETSI. Unlike GSM, the UMTS follows layering protocol for data networking. The topmost, being the services layer, is for allocation and data speed. The control layer located central, assists in upgrading actions and allows dynamic allocation and tagging of data to a specific bandwidth. Bottommost is the connectivity layer where any transmission technology can be seconded and the voice traffic will transport over ATM/AAL2 or IP/RTP hence trafficking by signal bandwidth is prevented (GSM server, 2007).

EDGE (Enhanced Data For Global Evolution) allows GSM the aptitude to handle services for the 3g telephony. It facilitates data transmission at a high speed of 384 kb/sec. EDGE employs TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) frame structure, logic channel and 200kilohertz carrier bandwidth. The same bandwidth with that of GSM sytems enables system compatibility (3G, 2006). System compatibility assures upgrade efficiency and low cost which had been the problem of most G3 networking systems (Lapping, 2006).

The constituents of 3G is vast and caters to the technological whims of the techie addicts and the businessmen all over Europe, Asia, South America and Africa, however, like all new technologies, there has been a bone of contention among manufacturers. From the time that the idea of 3G arises and the time when it was marketed, obstacles seem to be always around the corner. As mentioned earlier, there are various networks of 3G which had actually lead to licensing disagreements arising from different terms of conditions from different parties involved.

High debts incremented by the telecommunication parties during the past years, which may actually pose as a threat to the development of 3G. Also, operator troubles are unsupported by state finance. The expenses associated with license are ghastly. The main problem of 3G all boils down to money. 3G service is new hence network coverage is limited. Also, the cost of technology is cumbersome for the commoners and the internet flat rate is high at some countries. The main problem with the upgrade of technology to 3G is that there are some price qualms associated with the introduced and advanced technology. Fortunately, most of the leading handset manufacturers like Broadcom puts an end to this entire anxious price tirade, and eventually managed to produce more 3G technologies aiming to facilitate its spread globally and probably to stimulate its economic demand. Broadcom generated the Cellairity chipset with astounding cost of $100 (Hyatt, 2007). This price resolution may, in the long run, predict to be a good start of consumer availability for 3G.

Broadcom may have initiated reduction in production cost but would other companies follow? 3G is a huge risk of investment in consumer market. 3G's sophistication actually caters to that businessman who conducts their businesses assisted by the wireless networks. Unfortunately, the turn of events is that businessmen constitute only a small population in the global networking arena. For the sophisticated technology to be truly cosmopolitan in character it had to be used by most of the networkers and mobile-users all over the world. For now, it is strangely delimited to those who can really afford it.

Looking at the positive side of things, the situation of 3G consumer ratio would not always be the same. Like all things, needs change, and observing the evolution of mobile technology from the rustic analog model to the latest 3G types, one can only predict that consumer needs would be inclined towards technological enhancement and that technological enhancement would be better suited to the needs of the consumer.

What is more is that needs change, mobile techie trends may also change. The 3G model is now currently being improvised from more than 3G to 4G.

4G Technology: Super-satisfaction guaranteed?

Only time will tell.

References

3G. (2006). 3G store. Retrieved Nov 22, 2007 from http://www.3g.co.uk/All%20About%203G.htm
3G Technology. (22 Aug 2007). Qualcomm. Retrieved Nov 22, 2007 from http://www.3gtoday.com/wps/portal/subscribers.
CDMA Development Group. (2007). 3G-CDMA2000. Retrieved Nov 22, 2007 from http://www.cdg.org/technology/3g.asp.
GSM server.(2007). Evolution to 3G. Retrieved Nov 22, 2007 from http://www.gsmserver.com/articles/evolution_to_3g.php.
Hyatt, J. (2007). Broadcom Enables 3G Mobile Phones at 2G Prices with New CellAirityâ„¢ Chipset. Retrieved Nov 22, 2007 from http://www.broadcom.com/press/release.php?id=815794.
Lapping, K. (2006). Cost and Software Incompatibility Stymie 3G Growth. Ernst and Young Ltd. Retrieved Nov 22, 2007 from http://www.ey.com/global/content.nsf/South_Africa/06_Sept_05_Costs_software_incompatibility_stymie_3G_growth.
Xavier, P. (?). Licensing of 3G Mobile. Swinburne University of Technology. Retrieved Nov 22, 2007 from http://www.itu.int/osg/spu/ni/3G/workshop/presentations/xavier_1.pdf.

2
http://epubl.ltu.se/1653-0187/2006/13/LTU-PB-EX-0613-SE.pdf

Examensarbete / Thesis:
Design and implementation of the MMS portal
Henrik Adolfsson; Peter Svensson BEE 2003-29, pp. 35. TEK/avd. för telekommunikationssystem, 2006.

Registreringsdatum / Date of registration: 2006-06-05 点击这里就能下载了 http://www.bth.se/fou/cuppsats.nsf/all/487afa011edbd377c12571810044cf24/$file/Design_and_implementation_of_the_MMS_portal.pdf

Bifogad uppsats fil(er) / Files attached: design_and_implementation_of_the_mms_portal.pdf (2410 kB, öppnas i nytt fönster)
Uppsatstyp / Type of thesis: C-Uppsats
Program: Internetsystems
Ämnesord / Subject: Telekommunikation - Telecommunications

Titel / Title: Design and implementation of the MMS portal
Översatt titel / Translated title: Design och implementation av MMS-portalen
Abstrakt/ sammanfattning / Abstract/Summary:

MMS-enabled terminals on the market today are very complicated to use. It takes several steps to create a multi-slide MMS-message with images and text. This discourages users from using it. To increase usage of MMS, several companies provide web-based or stand-alone programs that allow users to create and send MMS-messages from a regular computer. However these editors have many limitations and are not user-friendly.

This thesis describes the design and implementation of a user-friendly web-based MMS-portal where users can create, edit and send MMS-messages. The portal is integrated into Densitet’s system for development of mobile services.

Conclusions that can be draw from this work are that problems with MMS interoperability have mostly the poor standardization to blame. Different terminals support different types of images and sound formats, and to make the MMS-portal user-friendly, format conversions of uploaded content had to be implemented. Also the MMS-portal only supports basic MMS-functionality.

If the MMS-specification includes more audio and image formats and if the MMS-terminals are upgraded to handle these formats, sending MMS-messages will be easier and mobile messaging will continue to grow.

Författare / Author: Henrik Adolfsson, Peter Svensson
adolfsson.henrik@gmail.com, peter@densitet.com
Handledare / Tutor: Eduardo Ibacache, Oskar Bengtsson, Dragos Ilie
dragos.ilie@bth.se

还有很多相关论文，这里实在写不下，如果不满意我再找

Answer 2

The first microcomputer is super technology enthusiasts tinkering with the stuff. But as the Apple Ⅱ "visual computing" software VisiCalc (1979), personal computer began to roll out first outside the lab and commercial applications. Two years later, IBM also released a PC, shortly after, this little gray box and recording phone as American enterprise efficient operation.

The incident is an interesting thing. Some couples and new company (such as Kaypro, Compaq and that Michael Dell's college) enter this by creating and Apple on the market by IBM introduced. Thanks to the PC structure is open, the "cloned" IBM maker can assemble parts to produce cheap through the PC.

These products are a common characteristic -- they are installed by a small software company, the company disk operating system, Microsoft's name.

Meanwhile, Apple is ready to release Lisa, this is the first kind of support for the commercial computer graphical user interface. It was Macintosh, desktop publishing, Apple in the super bowl football league in a graphical user interface for the Macintosh.

In response, Microsoft also in 1985 released his graphical user interface, namely primitive Windows, the two companies to play for years. While Compaq in before the release of the first paragraph IBM 386 computer, graphical user interface of innovation.

The computer has become popular culture inalienable part. In 1982, the PC is elected by the magazine "Machine", the Year of the PC was narrowly beat cleaner and popcorn Machine. In 1984, William Gibson in his novel Neuromancer (nerve striders have) use "cybernetic space all beloved" angel "(a) a network composed of machine of the world, the novel will soon become a reality.

In the middle of 1980s, IT began to consider the experts in computer application to the enterprise, and LAN technology, and client/server technology development makes the computer designers of feeling.

In 1984, LAN and minicomputers base of less than 100 million functions. Released in 1988, according to a report in the LAN users to 600 million in four years, the number of users in the period of minicomputer stagnation. With the new standard of Ethernet network connection and improve the performance of IEEE, 1995, and recognized the fast Ethernet 802.3 u 100Bast - released its network transmission T standard 100Mbps speeds

The new hardware and software system using these network technology. In 1986, IBM released expressway, this is the first station RT advocated by IBM personal computer architecture of the RISC. The company announced that from AT&T and joint development for commercial workstation Sparc Unix/platform.

Enterprise gradually realized in network environment improvement of the level of cooperation between staff. In 1989, the Release 1.0 Lotus Notes provided telephone and E-mail, groups of customized program. In 1992, SAP R / 3 released client/server software.

With the release of Microsoft Windows 95, got enterprise-level users' attention. Windows 95 provides "start" button and the task of file system, network support, in addition to all the Windows 95 and improve a new user interface. In order to give publicity, Microsoft Windows 95 at 120 million dollars spent buying the Rolling Stones in 1981 works "Start" the right Up Me. However, another enterprise to produce greater influence calculation revolution is quietly "StartUp" (start).

Netscape's Internet perpetrator. In August of 1995, the first listing the huge success for four years later the Internet for the chaos buried the hidden trouble. High-tech companies, with a succession of the company's performance - not use they can earn much money, but in how they burn to measure, shows a CEO layer is the first microcomputer with super technology enthusiasts stuff. But as the Apple Ⅱ "visual computing" software VisiCalc (1979), personal computer began to roll out first outside the lab and commercial applications. Two years later, IBM also released a PC, shortly after, this little gray box and recording phone as American enterprise efficient operation.

Netscape Navigator to sleep in the great success of Microsoft Windows 95 suddenly awakened. The Redmond from the Navigator web browser to its giant felt the desktop monopoly, then poses a threat to spend millions of Internet Explorer investment development (ironically, IE 1.0 development code is calculated according to the national center of super Mosaic Mosaic of projects, project is born of origin). Netscape

The browser toferraris affected software development, published software patch beta and become industry conventions. Full use information technology company learned through the web and E-mail to employees and customers to provide information.

Enterprise for their names. Com or.net such suffixes, and spend billions of dollars to protect the domain name and website construction. These are become the target that hackers hackers in thousands of sites on their "sign", including the United States, the central intelligence agency (CIA), the United States air force, the New York times and the interest of the types of girl website.

The outcome of the browser. Netscape in three consecutive years of losses, fade gradually after the market in 1998 by AOL acquisitions.

A few months later, Melissa virus (Melissa) in a couple of hours went global. To solve the problem as busy, Microsoft software and the Internet itself is quickly became a loophole.

In 2001, the American SAN matches news news can be used to this age are concise summary: "a month ago, you are a 28-year-old millionaires, but now you just a 28-year-old people."

Y2k problem quietly in the past, the Nasdaq in April 2000 crash, ".com "future almost overnight, a decade-long economic bubbles. But the greater disaster yet -- launched "911 terrorist attacks."

The international Internet structure still exists. In February 2000 of the massive DoS (denial of service attack made many large-scale web) paralysis, including contours, CNN and Yahoo! . Two years later, a DoS attack unexpectedly will Internet global 13 domain name server in nine.

Red code and nimda, Klez Slammer, shock, and such a series of big worm virus infection malignant for millions of computer. Slammer had to call 911, ATM is linked to the Internet and other centers of system failure.

In accepting a series of lessons after security vulnerabilities, January 2002, Bill Gates, the proposed "trusted computing" strategy. After 18 months, Microsoft publishes 60 security bulletins on various products, and the use of a "key provisions patch level". Microsoft has received an unexpected challenges: development of the source code, Linux now seemed Linux has become the first two network operating system.

At the same time, the Internet 2, also is the next generation of the Internet, began testing progress. The network can realize real-time broadcast the opera.

With Linux desktop and gradually enter mobile communication platform to gradually open box, equipment and the next phase of the digital age will be the most exciting.

Answer 3

www.google.com