Question

求翻译 这两天交论文。火急！请专业的朋友帮帮忙。

关于年龄与二语习得的关系 ，许多理论学家和应用语言学家做了大量
的研究 ，但仍有 许多争议如：
（1）在生理方面
神经生理学家研究发现，大脑由两个半球构成。左右半球各自分工，经过侧偏化后，左脑专管语言（Steinberg,1993）。Penfield 和Roberts(1959:10)认为语言习得的最佳年龄在十岁以前，因为这一时期人的大脑具有可塑性在神经生理学的研究基础上20世纪 60年 代，lenneberg（1967）提出了临界期假说 （crtca perod hypothesis）。他认 为从两 岁到青春期 （10～ l2岁 ），人 的大脑具有可塑性 ，语言学习比较容 易。Lenneberg 把 儿童和成人在语言学习上表 现的差 异归 因于 神经生理现象 ，他认为儿童在长到12岁之后 ，口音已定型 ，难以改变 ，学习语言必须花费更大力气 ，并且不可能学的像母语那样好 。
（2）在认知上
许多研究者认 为，认知的发展对 第二语言的习得有否定的影 响。儿童和 成人 的第 二语言习得涉及不同的过程 。儿童使用语言习得机制 ，如同习得第一语言一样 习得第二语 言；而成人使用一般 的问题解决 能力 。认知能力在 16岁前会得到快速的发展 ，然后慢慢减慢 。母语和二语习得最重要的阶段是青春期 。这个阶段 的学 习者可 以进行抽象的思考 。二语习得需要大量 的抽象思考 ，因为语 言本质上是抽象的。在这点上 ，成年人比儿童有优势。成人由于认知理解能力增强，学习起来更快 。（3）语言学上的解释
乔姆斯基认为 ，人们学习语言 的机制存在于脑子里 。普遍语法理论探索了语言知识和母语及二语习得的本质。人们曾经设想过，如果儿童出生后不接触任何语言 ，是否会有自己的语言。一些人甚至认为 ，儿童如果从一开始就不接触人群他们会说 出人类最初始 的语 言。但事实说 明即使先验论认为人类 真的有 “语言习得机制 ”，如果 没有 外界因素的作用，人类也 是不 能获得语 言的。
（4）情感上 的解释
情感因素在很多方面控制着人类像焦急，动机 ，自尊，模仿和压抑 。Krashen曾提出情 感过滤假 说，他认为能否成功 的学 习外语取 决于 学习者的态度 。
从以上四个方面的对比分析中,我们不难看出儿童与成年人学习第二语言各有其优势和劣势。正如Krashen(1982:43)指出成年人同样可以学好外语,而且如果学习和使用外语的时间相同,成年人比儿童进展更快,大龄儿童比低龄儿童的学习效果更好。而Ellis(1994) 在总结前人研究的基础上,认为儿童和成人在外语学习上各有优势。Long(1990a;Ellis493的“心理肌肉模式”mentalmusclemodel可以解释儿童在语音学习上优于成人,而成人由于认知理解能力的增强,学习起来更快。Stern1985早就对外语教学的年龄问题做过总结。他认为不存在关键的年龄或阶段,但各个年龄段的学习者却有各自的优势和不足。
所以说外语学习并非越早越好,一方面成年人和儿童学习第二语言应分别有所侧重;另一方面,对成年人和儿童教授第二语言应施以不同的教学方法。
论文提要：
一、年龄与第二语言习得关系的现状分析
①生理方面
②认知方面
③语言学方面
④情感上
二、在教学上的运用

Answer 1

大部分手工，在线了一小部分

About age and second language acquisition, many theorists and applied linguistics home do a lot
The study, but there are still many disputes if:
(1) in the physiological aspect
Neurophysiologists have study found that the two hemispheres of the brain. Each division, after about hemisphere cornering, left brain Steinberg, specializing in language (1993). Penfield and Roberts (1959:10) think language acquisition in the best age ten years before, because this time people's brains have plasticity in neurophysiological research based on 20 centuries 60 years lenneberg (1967), and put forward the critical period hypothesis (s) crtca perod. He recognized for two years to puberty (from), 10 ~ l2 brain plasticity, compared with language learning to let. The children and adults Lenneberg in language learning is different to the poor by neural physiological phenomena, he thinks children after 12 years in length to finalize the design, and has to change the accent, learning a language must spend more effort, and may not learn as well as the native language.
(2) in cognition
Many researchers recognition for the development of cognition, on the second language acquisition has negative shadow. Adults and children's first two different language acquisition process. Children use language acquisition mechanism, as the first language acquisition as well as the second language acquisition, Adult use general ability to solve problems. Cognitive ability in 16 years old before get fast development, then slowly down. Sla is the most important stage of adolescence. This stage of learning can be on abstract thinking. Second language acquisition needs a lot of abstract thinking, because language speech is essentially abstract. At this point, the adult children have advantages than. The cognitive ability of adult learning enhancement, faster. The linguistic (3)
Chomsky, people thought of language learning mechanism exists in mind. To explore the theory of universal grammar knowledge of language and language and the essence of second language acquisition. People once thought, if children born not contact any language, whether can have their own language. Some people even think, if a child does not contact begins from the crowd said they would humans the initial language. But the truth is that the human experience even has really "language acquisition mechanism", if there is no external factors, human also is not to obtain the language.
(4) emotional explanation
Emotional factors in many ways like a human control, motivation, self-esteem, imitating and depression. Krashen once put false feeling feels filtering, said he thought the success of learning foreign language learners should take on the attitude.
From the four aspects of the above analysis, we can see that children and adults to learn a second language has its advantages and disadvantages. As the Krashen (1982-43) that adults can also learn a foreign language well, and if the study and use of language in the same time, adults than older children, children's progress faster than young children learning effect is better. But Ellis (1994) in the summary on the basis of previous studies that children and adults in foreign language learning has advantage. 1990a (Ellis493; to the "mental muscle model" mentalmusclemodel can explain children in phonetic learning is superior to the adult and the cognitive ability of adults, learning faster on foreign language teaching. Stern1985 early age. He did not exist or critical age, but the learners of all ages have their respective advantages and disadvantages.
Therefore said foreign language learning is not sooner rather than later, on the one hand, adults and children's learning a second language should incorporate respectively, On the other hand, professor of adults and children of second language teaching method should be different.
Abstract: the paper
A, age and second language acquisition to analyze the current situation of the relationship
1 the physiological aspect
2 aspects of cognitive
3 in linguistics
4 emotional
Second, in the teaching practice

Answer 2

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