Question

求翻译。

在供应链中，每个企业都会向上游企业订货，并且会对库存进行一定程度的监控。由于入库的物料在耗尽以后，企业不能马上从其供应商那里获得补给，因此，企业经常都会进行批量订购，在再次发出订购之前保持一定的存货。运输费用高也是阻碍企业频繁订货的障碍之一。卡车满负荷载重时，单位产品运输成本最低，因此当企业向供应商订购时，他们都会倾向大批量订货以降低单位运输成本。

通常供应商难以处理频繁的订购，因为处理这些订货所消耗的时间与成本相当大。宝洁公司估计，由于订购、结算和运送系统需要人手运作，处理每笔订货的成本大约在35到75美元之间。若企业的顾客都采用定期订购模型，则会导致“牛鞭”效应产生；如果所有顾客的订购周期均匀分布，那么“牛鞭”效应的影响就会最小。然而，这种理想状态极少存在。订单通常都是随机分布，甚至是相互重叠的。当顾客的订货周期重叠时，很多顾客会在同一时间订货，需求高度集中，从而导致“牛鞭”效应高峰的出现。

Answer 1

In the supply chain, each enterprise will upriver enterprise, and will to the stock order to a certain extent monitoring. Because of put in storage materials in exhausted after, enterprise not immediately get supplies from its suppliers, therefore, the enterprise often can batch ordering, in order to keep out again before certain inventory. Transport costs is high also hinder enterprise frequent order one of the obstacles. The truck full load, the unit product transport lowest cost, so when the enterprise to suppliers when ordering, they would prefer large order to reduce unit transportation cost.

Usually supplier handle hard frequent order, for handling these orders spending time and cost is considerable. P&g estimates, due to order, settlement and transport system needed operation, the cost of each order processing in about 35 to $75 in between. If the enterprises of the customers by regular order model, it will lead to "the bullwhip effect" produce, If all customer ordering cycle uniformly distributed, then bullwhip effect of "will the smallest. However, this ideal rarely exist. Orders are usually random distribution, even overlapping. When customer ordering cycle overlap, many customers will at the same time order, demand highly centralized, resulting in "the bullwhip effect" peak appeared.