Question

求英文达人翻译一段生物论文。请不要用翻译软件谢谢

Analysis of position effects in transgenic plants. Position effects
include a variety of phenomena that can be investigated as follows.
(a) The sequence of flanking plant DNA (diagonally-lined and
cross-hatched regions) and chromosomal locations (arrows; two
nonhomologous chromosmes are coloured black and grey) of
transgene inserts that unstably or stably express the same construct
can be compared. (b) trans-silencing effects possibly involving pairing
of homologous sequences (black bars) on separate chromosomes
can be considered with respect to the genomic contexts of
interacting genes (as in [a]) and their ability to associate in somatic
cells. This can be examined directly using three-dimensional
fluorescence in situ hybridization; alternatively, somatic pairing can
be measured using systems for site-specific recombination (not
shown; described in [49·]). (c) Repetitive sequences are often
associated with silencing and a variety of transgene constructs can
be designed to study the effects of different types of repeats when
they are positioned 5¢ or 3¢ to transgenes. Possibilities include testing
the effect of the same repeat on weak or strong promoters, such
as the nopaline synthase (NOSpro) and 35S promoter (35Spro),
respectively, and various reporter genes, such as b-glucuronidase
(gus) and neomycinphosphotransferase (npII). Other elements that
might influence expression, such as MARs, can be engineered
upstream or downstream of transgenes. Repeats and MARs can
be selectively removed by flanking them with lox or FRT sites, thus
allowing excision by the Cre or FLP recombinases respectively. The
coding region is condensed by the slashes.

Answer 1

分析转基因植物的地位作用。位置效应
包括一个可以进行调查如下的各种现象。
（一）植物DNA的侧翼（对角内衬和序列
跨孵化区）和染色体位置（箭头;二
非同源chromosmes是涂有黑色和灰色）的
转基因插入物不稳或稳定表达相同的构造
可以进行比较。 （二）反式沉默效果可能涉及配对
同源序列在不同的染色体（黑条）
可以考虑有关的基因背景
相互作用的基因（如[1]）和体细胞的能力相关联
细胞。这可以直接作研究采用三维
荧光原位杂交;另外，体细胞可配对
使用测量位点特异性重组系统（不
所示，在[49 °]中描述）。 （三）重复序列往往
与转基因沉默及各种结构可以
设计，研究不同类型的重复时的效果
他们被定位5美分或3美分，转基因。包括测试的可能性
对发起人的影响强弱相同的重复，如
作为胭脂碱合成酶（NOSpro）和35S启动子（35Spro）
分别和不同的报告基因，如β-葡萄糖醛酸酶
（GUS）的和neomycinphosphotransferase（npII）。该其他要素
可能影响表达，如火星，可以设计
转基因上游或下游。可重复和MARS
有选择地去除侧翼和液氧或汽车首次登记税的网站，因此只
允许通过的Cre重组酶分别切除或家族有限合伙企业。该
编码区为简明的斜线。
朗读