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Youknowthatadatabaseisacollectionoflogicallyrelateddataelementsthatmaybestructuredinv...
You know that a database is a collection of logically related data elements that may be structured in various ways to meet the multiple processing and retrieval needs of organizations and individuals. There’s noting new about databases-early ones were chiseled in stone, penned on scrolls, and written on index cards. But now databases ate commonly recorded on magnetizable media, and computer programs are required to perform the necessary storage and retrieval operations.
You’ll see in the following pages that complex data relationships and linkages may be found in all but the simplest databases. The system software package that handles the difficult tasks associated with creating, assessing, and maintaining database records is called a database management system (DBMS). The programs in a DBMS package establish an interface between the database itself and the users of the database, (These users may be applications programmers, managers and others with information needs, and various OS programs.)
A DBMS can organize, process, and present selected data elements from thedatabase. This capability enables decision makers to search, probe, and query database contents in order to extract answers to nonrecurring and unplanned questions that aren’t available in regular reports. These questions might initially be vague and/or poorly defined, bur people can “browse” through the database until they have the needed information. In short, the DBMS will “manage” the stored data items and assemble the needed items from the common database in response to the queries of those who aren’t programmers. In a file-oriented system, users needing special information may communicate their needs to a programmer, who , when time permits, well write one or more programs to extract the data and prepare the information. The availability of a DBMS, however, offers users a much faster alternative communications path.
The management information system (MIS) concept has been defined in dozens of ways. Since one organization’s model of an MIS is likely to differ from that of another, it’s not surprising that their MIS definitions would also vary in scope and breadth. For our purposes, an MIS van be defined as a network of computer-based data processing procedures developed in an organization and integrated as necessary with manual an other procedures for the purpose of providing timely and effective information to support decision making and other necessary management functions.
In addition to what might be termed the horizontal management structure an organization is also divided verticallyintodifferent specialties and functions which require separate information flows. Combining the horizontal managerial levels with the vertical specialties produces the complex organizational structure. Underlying this structure is a database consisting, ideally, of internally and eternally produced data relating to past, present, and predicted future events.
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You’ll see in the following pages that complex data relationships and linkages may be found in all but the simplest databases. The system software package that handles the difficult tasks associated with creating, assessing, and maintaining database records is called a database management system (DBMS). The programs in a DBMS package establish an interface between the database itself and the users of the database, (These users may be applications programmers, managers and others with information needs, and various OS programs.)
A DBMS can organize, process, and present selected data elements from thedatabase. This capability enables decision makers to search, probe, and query database contents in order to extract answers to nonrecurring and unplanned questions that aren’t available in regular reports. These questions might initially be vague and/or poorly defined, bur people can “browse” through the database until they have the needed information. In short, the DBMS will “manage” the stored data items and assemble the needed items from the common database in response to the queries of those who aren’t programmers. In a file-oriented system, users needing special information may communicate their needs to a programmer, who , when time permits, well write one or more programs to extract the data and prepare the information. The availability of a DBMS, however, offers users a much faster alternative communications path.
The management information system (MIS) concept has been defined in dozens of ways. Since one organization’s model of an MIS is likely to differ from that of another, it’s not surprising that their MIS definitions would also vary in scope and breadth. For our purposes, an MIS van be defined as a network of computer-based data processing procedures developed in an organization and integrated as necessary with manual an other procedures for the purpose of providing timely and effective information to support decision making and other necessary management functions.
In addition to what might be termed the horizontal management structure an organization is also divided verticallyintodifferent specialties and functions which require separate information flows. Combining the horizontal managerial levels with the vertical specialties produces the complex organizational structure. Underlying this structure is a database consisting, ideally, of internally and eternally produced data relating to past, present, and predicted future events.
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您知道, 数据库是也许被构造以各种各样的方式适应组织和个体多处理和检索需要逻辑上相关数据元素的一件收藏品。有注意新关于一个被凿在石头的数据库及早, 写作在纸卷, 和写在索引卡片。但数据库现在吃了共同地记录在可磁化的媒介, 并且计算机程序必需进行必要的存贮和检索操作。您将看见在以下页, 复杂数据关系和联结也许被发现总计仅最简单的数据库。处理难题的系统软件包裹联系了创造, 估计, 和维护的数据库纪录叫数据库管理系统(DBMS) 。节目在DBMS 包裹建立一个接口在数据库之间和数据库的用户, (这些用户也许是应用程序员, 经理和其他人以信息需求, 和各种各样的OS 节目。) DBMS 可能组织, 处理, 并且提出选择了数据元素从thedatabase 。这能力使作决策者搜寻, 探查, 和询问数据库内容为了提取答复对不是可利用的在规则报告的非循环和无计划的问题。这些问题也许最初地是隐晦的并且/或者穷地定义, bur 人罐头"浏览" 通过数据库直到他们有需要的信息。简而言之, DBMS 意志"处理" 被存放的数据项和装配需要的项目从共同的数据库以回应那些询问不是程序员。在一个file-oriented 系统, 用户需要特别信息也许通信他们的需要程序员, 当时间允许, 好写一个或更多节目提取数据和准备信息。DBMS 的可及性, 然而, 提供用户一条更加快速的供选择的通信通道。管理信息系统(MIS) 概念被定义了用许多方式。因为MIS 的一个组织的模型可能与那另不同, 它不是惊奇, 他们的MIS 定义并且会变化在范围和广度。为我们的目的, MIS 搬运车当有必要被定义作为计算机为主的数据处理规程网络被开发在组织和集成与指南其它规程为提供实时性和有效的信息的目的支持政策制定和其它必要的管理作用。除什么也许被命名水平的管理结构组织之外是要求分开的信息流并且的分开的verticallyintodifferent 专业和作用。结合水平的管理水平与垂直的专业导致复杂组织结构。部下这个结构是数据库包括, 理想地, 内部和永恒地导致的数据与过去相关, 礼物, 和被预言的未来事件。
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你知道一个数据库是一个集逻辑相关的数据内容,可分为多种途径 满足多重加工和检索的需要,组织和个人. 有鉴于新约数据库-早期的人凿在石头上,就写春联,写在索引卡. 但现在吃的数据库常用记录磁化媒体 和电脑程式须履行必要的存储和检索业务. 您看到以下页面,复杂的数据关系和联系,可发现在所有的,但最简单 数据库. 系统软件,处理的艰巨任务与创造,评估 保持数据库记录被称为数据库管理系统( DBMS ) . 节目在一个数据库建立包之间的接口,数据库和数据库用户, (这些用户,可申请程序员,经理和其他信息的需要, 各种操作系统节目) . 一个数据库可以组织,过程,目前选定的数据元素thedatabase . 这种能力,使决策者能够搜索探头 查询数据库内容,以提取答案复发和无计划的问题,却无法在定期报告. 这些问题,最初可能是含糊和/或不易界定 黄花人们可以"浏览"通过数据库,直到获得所需信息. 总之, 该数据库将"管理"的数据存储项目,并组装所需的物品由共同的数据库回应 疑问那些没有程序员. 在档案的系统,用户无需特别的信息可以沟通,他们需要一个程序员的人, 只要时间允许,并写一个或多个节目中提取数据并准备有关资料. 有一个数据库,但用户提供更快的通信替代路径. 管理信息系统( MIS )的概念已被界定十种方法. 一个自组织的模式,作为MIS系统很可能不同于另一种, 这不足为奇,他们的MIS系统的定义也不同,其范围和广度. 我们的目的, 一个MIS的面包车被定义为一种网络,计算机数据处理程序开发的一个组织并整合为 需要手册的其他程序的目的是提供及时,有效的信息以支持决策 其他必要的管理职能. 除了可以称之为横向管理结构的一个组织也分化verticallyintodifferent专科及职能 它需要单独的信息流通. 结合横向管理水平与垂直专科产生了复杂的组织结构. 这个基本结构是一个数据库组成,最理想的国内和万世制作数据与过去,现在 并预测未来事件 .
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