GRE难句130句详解（13）
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121、yet waizer’s argument，however deficient，does point to one of the most serious weak-nesses of capitalism-namely，that it brings to predominant positions in a society people who，no matter how legitimately they have earned their material rewards，often lack those other qualities that evoke affection or admiration. （5）
然则，沃尔泽的论点，无论它不充分到何种地步，确实揭示了资本主义体制中最严重的一个弱点，即它将某一类人置于社会中的显赫地位置，这类人无论以怎样合法的方式获得了其物质报偿，却常常缺乏其它那些能唤起他人受戴和钦佩的品质。
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、倒装
解释：第一个插入语however deficient 中的however在此不是转折连词，而是副词，等于no matter how，但是因为后面出现了no matter how，而作者又追求语言表述的多样性，所以作者在此使用了however deficient这样较为少见的(但在gre考试中多见)的语言。
尽管本句的插入语较多，第二个插入语很长，但是本句的真正难点在倒装上。破折号后面的部分是主句宾语的同位语从句，此从句中固定搭配bring a to b被倒装成了bring to ba。如果把这句话恢复成正常语序，则是it brings people who, no matter how legitimately they have earned their materiall rewards, often lask those other qualities that evoke affection or admiration to predominant positions in a society。很明显，这样的语序会显得头重脚轻。
意群训练：yet waizer’s argument，however deficient，does point to one of the most serious weak- nesses of capitalism-namely，that it brings to predominant positions in a society people who，no matter how legitimately they have earned their material rewards，often lack those other qualities that evoke affection or admiration.
122、the appreciation of traditional oral american indian literature has been limited，hampered by poor translations and by the difficulty，even in the rare culturally sensitive and aesthetically satisfying translation，of completely conveying the original’s verse structure，tone，and syntax.（4 - ）对美国印第安人传统口头文学的欣赏，一直被质量低劣的翻译所限制和妨碍，并且即使是那种不可多得的既体现着文化敏感性，又在美学上令人满意的译作，也难以完全传递出原作的诗体结构、语调和句法。
注：the difficulty (….) of：括号中的是插入语
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语
解释：本句的插入语不好对付，一来它的长度比较长，而且修饰层次多，内容也不甚好懂，二来这个插入语正好嵌在difficulty of的中间，割裂了句意。
意群训练：the appreciation of traditional oral american indian literature has been limited，hampered by poor translations and by the difficulty，even in the rare culturally sensitive and aesthetically satisfying translation，of completely conveying the original’s verse structure，tone，and syntax.
123、mores， which embodied each culture’s ideal principles for governing every citizen， were developed in the belief that the foundation of a community lies in the cultivation of individual powers to be placed in service to the community. （4+）“风俗习惯”，体现了每一文化制约每个公民的理想准则，它是在这种信仰中发展而来的，即一个社会的基础在于个人能力的培养，并将这些个人能力置于对社会的服务之中。
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、抽象词
解释：与前面的绝大多数句子相比，本句的结构算不上复杂。但是由于句意抽象，所以读到the cultivation of individuall powers to be placed in servicee to the comm.unity的时候容易读不懂，因为后面的这个不定式既有可能是修饰cultivation的，也有可能是修饰individual powers的。这里修饰的是后者。而且这里的individual powers to be placed in servicee to the comm.unity不应翻译成“individuall powers to serve the comm.unity”即可。此文强调这种individual power被置于一种位置、一种定位。当然这种细微的差别不一定会影响答题，但有时会对文章的理解产生影响。
意群训练：mores， which embodied each culture’s ideal principles for governing every citizen， were developed in the belief that the foundation of a community lies in the cultivation of individual powers to be placed in service to the community.
124、only in the case of the february revolution do we lack a useful description of participants that might characterize it in the light of what social history has taught us about the process of revolutionary mobilization. （5）
唯独在二月革命（the february revolution）这一情形中，我们缺乏一种有用的有关参加者的描述，而这一描述则有可能按照社会历史有关革命动员过程所教给我们的内容来勾画出这场革命的性质。
难句类型：复杂修饰、倒装、易淆指代
解释：句首虽有一个倒装，但是这种简单结构并不能给我们的读者带来大的影响；倒是主句宾语a useful descryiption of participants之后的定语从句that might characterize it中的两个易混指代及其后的状语in the light of给我们的理解造成了巨大的困难。
首先，that从句所修饰的不是participants，而是description。紧随其后的it指的则是前面的february revolution。判断这两点的惟一方法就是通过句子的意思，没有任何其他途径。后面的in the light of…是按照…、根据….的意思，其英文解释为from the point of view。后面的层层修饰虽然有一定的难度，但是我们已经在前面的句子中司空见惯，在此不多做解释。
意群训练：only in the case of the february revolution do we lack a useful description of participants that might characterize it in the light of what social history has taught us about the process of revolutionary mobilization.
125、as a consequence, it may prove difficult or impossible to establish for a successful revolution a comprehensive and trustworthy picture of those who participated, or to answer even the most basic questions one might pose concerning the social origins of the insurgents.（5）
作为一个结果，有两件事就变得很困难或者根本不可能，1、为一次成功的革命建立起一个详尽的并可信的关于参加者的描述；2、回答人们会问的、关于起义者的社会背景的甚至是最为基本的问题。
难句类型：复杂修饰、倒装、省略
解释：主句的主语it是形式主语，其真正内容在后面的两个由or连接的并列的不定式中，前一个不定式中出现了一个大型倒装，to establish /for a successful revolution/ a comprehensivee and trustworthy picture of those who participated 的正常语序是to establish a comprehensivee and trustworthy picture(of those who participated)/for a successful revolution。对于类似的结构，读者如果按照笔者的要求认真地过前面的难句，训练到现在已经有所感觉。正确的现场感觉是这样：看到established之后没有出现宾语，而是直接出现表示目的的for，句意不完整，大脑就会根据前面训练得出的经验自动判断可能有倒装的结构；读者本人的反应就是隐隐觉得后面应该有established的具体内容。因为有这种预期，读到a comprehensivee and trustworthy picture的时候，正好可以把它与没有说完的established连在一起。
后面的不定式的宾语even the most basic questions之后有两个并列的宾语，第一个是省略了引导词的定语从句that one might pose，第二个分词修饰concerning the sociall origins of the insurgents。
意群训练：as a consequence, it may prove difficult or impossible to establish for a successful revolution a comprehensive and trustworthy picture of those who participated, or to answer even the most basic questions one might pose concerning the social origins of the insurgents.
126、anthropologists and others are on much firmer ground when they attempt to describe the cultural norms for a small homogeneous tribe or village than when they undertake the formidable task of discovering the norms that exist in a complex modern nation state composed of many disparate groups.（4）
当人类学家和其他人试图去描述一个小规模的同一性质（homogeneous）部落或村落的文化标准时，他们处在一种要坚实得多的基础上。相对而言，当他们着手从事这样一个艰巨的任务，即去揭示存在于一个复杂的、由许多彼此间毫无联系的群体所构成的现代单一民族的独立国家（nation-state）时，他们就具备一个同样坚实的基础。
难句类型：复杂修饰
解释：句子的结构拉得很长，主要原因是用来比较的两个when引导的状语从句都太长，句子的主干是anthroplogists are on much firmer ground/when…/than/when…/。结果more than的结构被长长的状语从句分隔得很远。
另外，第二个when 引导的从句中的宾语也很复杂，解释一个单词：nation-state指单一民族的国家。此单词的词义不必背下来。
解释：anthropologists and others are on much firmer ground when they attempt to describe the cultural norms for a small homogeneous tribe or village than when they undertake the formidable task of discovering the norms that exist in a complex modern nation state composed of many disparate groups.
127、the italian influence is likely, whatever valdez immediate source: the mexican carpas themselves are said to have originated from the theater pieces of a sixteenth-century spanish writer inspired by encounters with italian commedia dell’arte troupes on tour in spain.（4+）
不管v的直接来源是什么，意大利的影响都有可能存在：墨西哥的c戏剧本身就被认为来自于16世纪的西班牙作家的戏剧作品，而那些作家的灵感来自与他们与在西班牙巡回演出的意大利cd剧团的遭遇。
难句类型：复杂修饰
解释：本句的冒号以后的分句中的from 引导的状语的结构又是典型的层层修饰，再加上主句的内容，整个句子的意思很难理顺。到底是什么来自于什么？
意群训练：the italian influence is likely, whatever valdez immediate source: the mexican carpas themselves are said to have originated from the theater pieces of a sixteenth-century spanish writer inspired by encounters with italian commedia dell’arte troupes on tour in spain.
128、it has thus generally been by way of the emphasis on oral literary creativity that these chicano writers，whose english language works are sometimes uninspired，developed the powerful and arresting language that characterized their spanish-language works. 因此，一般而言，正是通过对口头文学创造性的强调，这些奇卡诺作家——其英语作品时常显得缺乏灵感——才得以发展一种强有力的和富于吸引力的语言，并以此构成了他们西班牙语作品的特征。
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语
解释：读者们阅读本句的时候一定感觉极其别扭。首先，我们尽管知道it has been …that..。这种结构是一种强调语气，但是it has thus generally been by way of the emphasis on oral literary creativeity that…看上去就极不舒服。当然从语法上讲这么说是可以的，可是我们确实很少见到it has been 和that之间插入这么多东西的说法。解释一下by way of的意思，就是通过什么样的方法、通过某种手段的意思。其英文释义为by the route of，同义词是via。
that以后的内容看上去更费劲，既有长插入语分开主谓，又有复杂修饰的宾语。本句之所以结构怪异，意思费解，其原因是作者为了强调这个口头文学的方法。否则，句子可以写得比较好懂:
thus, these chicano writers, whose english-language works are sometimes uninspired, developed the powerfull and arresting languagee that characterized their spanish-language works.generally by way of the emphasis on oral literary creativeity.
意群训练：it has thus generally been by way of the emphasis on oral literary creativity that these chicano writers，whose english language works are sometimes uninspired，developed the powerful and arresting language that characterized their spanish-language works.
129、to measure them properly，monitoring equipment would have to be laid out on a grid at intervals of at most 50 kilometers，with sensors at each grid point lowered deep in the ocean and kept there for many months.
为了恰当地测量它们，监测设备必须被设置在一网络上，彼此的间距最多为五十公里，位于每个网点的感应器沉放至海洋深处，并在许多个月中一直固定在那里。 (原书无此句)
130、this declaration，which was echoed in the text of the fourteenth amendment，was designed primarily to counter the supreme court’s ruling in dred scott v. sandford that black people in the united states could be denied citizenship. （3）
这一在第十四条修正案的文本中被复述的宣言，主要是旨在对抗法院在“dred scott诉sandford”一案中的判决，此判决裁定，在美国的黑人可被剥夺公民权。
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语
解释：句中的两个插入语分别起到了两个有效的分割作用：第一个隔开了主句的主语和谓语；第二个分开了作状语的不定式中的宾语及其同位语从句。
意群训练：this declaration，which was echoed in the text of the fourteenth amendment，was designed primarily to counter the supreme court’s ruling in dred scott v. sandford that black people in the united states could be denied citizenship.
然则，沃尔泽的论点，无论它不充分到何种地步，确实揭示了资本主义体制中最严重的一个弱点，即它将某一类人置于社会中的显赫地位置，这类人无论以怎样合法的方式获得了其物质报偿，却常常缺乏其它那些能唤起他人受戴和钦佩的品质。
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、倒装
解释：第一个插入语however deficient 中的however在此不是转折连词，而是副词，等于no matter how，但是因为后面出现了no matter how，而作者又追求语言表述的多样性，所以作者在此使用了however deficient这样较为少见的(但在gre考试中多见)的语言。
尽管本句的插入语较多，第二个插入语很长，但是本句的真正难点在倒装上。破折号后面的部分是主句宾语的同位语从句，此从句中固定搭配bring a to b被倒装成了bring to ba。如果把这句话恢复成正常语序，则是it brings people who, no matter how legitimately they have earned their materiall rewards, often lask those other qualities that evoke affection or admiration to predominant positions in a society。很明显，这样的语序会显得头重脚轻。
意群训练：yet waizer’s argument，however deficient，does point to one of the most serious weak- nesses of capitalism-namely，that it brings to predominant positions in a society people who，no matter how legitimately they have earned their material rewards，often lack those other qualities that evoke affection or admiration.
122、the appreciation of traditional oral american indian literature has been limited，hampered by poor translations and by the difficulty，even in the rare culturally sensitive and aesthetically satisfying translation，of completely conveying the original’s verse structure，tone，and syntax.（4 - ）对美国印第安人传统口头文学的欣赏，一直被质量低劣的翻译所限制和妨碍，并且即使是那种不可多得的既体现着文化敏感性，又在美学上令人满意的译作，也难以完全传递出原作的诗体结构、语调和句法。
注：the difficulty (….) of：括号中的是插入语
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语
解释：本句的插入语不好对付，一来它的长度比较长，而且修饰层次多，内容也不甚好懂，二来这个插入语正好嵌在difficulty of的中间，割裂了句意。
意群训练：the appreciation of traditional oral american indian literature has been limited，hampered by poor translations and by the difficulty，even in the rare culturally sensitive and aesthetically satisfying translation，of completely conveying the original’s verse structure，tone，and syntax.
123、mores， which embodied each culture’s ideal principles for governing every citizen， were developed in the belief that the foundation of a community lies in the cultivation of individual powers to be placed in service to the community. （4+）“风俗习惯”，体现了每一文化制约每个公民的理想准则，它是在这种信仰中发展而来的，即一个社会的基础在于个人能力的培养，并将这些个人能力置于对社会的服务之中。
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、抽象词
解释：与前面的绝大多数句子相比，本句的结构算不上复杂。但是由于句意抽象，所以读到the cultivation of individuall powers to be placed in servicee to the comm.unity的时候容易读不懂，因为后面的这个不定式既有可能是修饰cultivation的，也有可能是修饰individual powers的。这里修饰的是后者。而且这里的individual powers to be placed in servicee to the comm.unity不应翻译成“individuall powers to serve the comm.unity”即可。此文强调这种individual power被置于一种位置、一种定位。当然这种细微的差别不一定会影响答题，但有时会对文章的理解产生影响。
意群训练：mores， which embodied each culture’s ideal principles for governing every citizen， were developed in the belief that the foundation of a community lies in the cultivation of individual powers to be placed in service to the community.
124、only in the case of the february revolution do we lack a useful description of participants that might characterize it in the light of what social history has taught us about the process of revolutionary mobilization. （5）
唯独在二月革命（the february revolution）这一情形中，我们缺乏一种有用的有关参加者的描述，而这一描述则有可能按照社会历史有关革命动员过程所教给我们的内容来勾画出这场革命的性质。
难句类型：复杂修饰、倒装、易淆指代
解释：句首虽有一个倒装，但是这种简单结构并不能给我们的读者带来大的影响；倒是主句宾语a useful descryiption of participants之后的定语从句that might characterize it中的两个易混指代及其后的状语in the light of给我们的理解造成了巨大的困难。
首先，that从句所修饰的不是participants，而是description。紧随其后的it指的则是前面的february revolution。判断这两点的惟一方法就是通过句子的意思，没有任何其他途径。后面的in the light of…是按照…、根据….的意思，其英文解释为from the point of view。后面的层层修饰虽然有一定的难度，但是我们已经在前面的句子中司空见惯，在此不多做解释。
意群训练：only in the case of the february revolution do we lack a useful description of participants that might characterize it in the light of what social history has taught us about the process of revolutionary mobilization.
125、as a consequence, it may prove difficult or impossible to establish for a successful revolution a comprehensive and trustworthy picture of those who participated, or to answer even the most basic questions one might pose concerning the social origins of the insurgents.（5）
作为一个结果，有两件事就变得很困难或者根本不可能，1、为一次成功的革命建立起一个详尽的并可信的关于参加者的描述；2、回答人们会问的、关于起义者的社会背景的甚至是最为基本的问题。
难句类型：复杂修饰、倒装、省略
解释：主句的主语it是形式主语，其真正内容在后面的两个由or连接的并列的不定式中，前一个不定式中出现了一个大型倒装，to establish /for a successful revolution/ a comprehensivee and trustworthy picture of those who participated 的正常语序是to establish a comprehensivee and trustworthy picture(of those who participated)/for a successful revolution。对于类似的结构，读者如果按照笔者的要求认真地过前面的难句，训练到现在已经有所感觉。正确的现场感觉是这样：看到established之后没有出现宾语，而是直接出现表示目的的for，句意不完整，大脑就会根据前面训练得出的经验自动判断可能有倒装的结构；读者本人的反应就是隐隐觉得后面应该有established的具体内容。因为有这种预期，读到a comprehensivee and trustworthy picture的时候，正好可以把它与没有说完的established连在一起。
后面的不定式的宾语even the most basic questions之后有两个并列的宾语，第一个是省略了引导词的定语从句that one might pose，第二个分词修饰concerning the sociall origins of the insurgents。
意群训练：as a consequence, it may prove difficult or impossible to establish for a successful revolution a comprehensive and trustworthy picture of those who participated, or to answer even the most basic questions one might pose concerning the social origins of the insurgents.
126、anthropologists and others are on much firmer ground when they attempt to describe the cultural norms for a small homogeneous tribe or village than when they undertake the formidable task of discovering the norms that exist in a complex modern nation state composed of many disparate groups.（4）
当人类学家和其他人试图去描述一个小规模的同一性质（homogeneous）部落或村落的文化标准时，他们处在一种要坚实得多的基础上。相对而言，当他们着手从事这样一个艰巨的任务，即去揭示存在于一个复杂的、由许多彼此间毫无联系的群体所构成的现代单一民族的独立国家（nation-state）时，他们就具备一个同样坚实的基础。
难句类型：复杂修饰
解释：句子的结构拉得很长，主要原因是用来比较的两个when引导的状语从句都太长，句子的主干是anthroplogists are on much firmer ground/when…/than/when…/。结果more than的结构被长长的状语从句分隔得很远。
另外，第二个when 引导的从句中的宾语也很复杂，解释一个单词：nation-state指单一民族的国家。此单词的词义不必背下来。
解释：anthropologists and others are on much firmer ground when they attempt to describe the cultural norms for a small homogeneous tribe or village than when they undertake the formidable task of discovering the norms that exist in a complex modern nation state composed of many disparate groups.
127、the italian influence is likely, whatever valdez immediate source: the mexican carpas themselves are said to have originated from the theater pieces of a sixteenth-century spanish writer inspired by encounters with italian commedia dell’arte troupes on tour in spain.（4+）
不管v的直接来源是什么，意大利的影响都有可能存在：墨西哥的c戏剧本身就被认为来自于16世纪的西班牙作家的戏剧作品，而那些作家的灵感来自与他们与在西班牙巡回演出的意大利cd剧团的遭遇。
难句类型：复杂修饰
解释：本句的冒号以后的分句中的from 引导的状语的结构又是典型的层层修饰，再加上主句的内容，整个句子的意思很难理顺。到底是什么来自于什么？
意群训练：the italian influence is likely, whatever valdez immediate source: the mexican carpas themselves are said to have originated from the theater pieces of a sixteenth-century spanish writer inspired by encounters with italian commedia dell’arte troupes on tour in spain.
128、it has thus generally been by way of the emphasis on oral literary creativity that these chicano writers，whose english language works are sometimes uninspired，developed the powerful and arresting language that characterized their spanish-language works. 因此，一般而言，正是通过对口头文学创造性的强调，这些奇卡诺作家——其英语作品时常显得缺乏灵感——才得以发展一种强有力的和富于吸引力的语言，并以此构成了他们西班牙语作品的特征。
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语
解释：读者们阅读本句的时候一定感觉极其别扭。首先，我们尽管知道it has been …that..。这种结构是一种强调语气，但是it has thus generally been by way of the emphasis on oral literary creativeity that…看上去就极不舒服。当然从语法上讲这么说是可以的，可是我们确实很少见到it has been 和that之间插入这么多东西的说法。解释一下by way of的意思，就是通过什么样的方法、通过某种手段的意思。其英文释义为by the route of，同义词是via。
that以后的内容看上去更费劲，既有长插入语分开主谓，又有复杂修饰的宾语。本句之所以结构怪异，意思费解，其原因是作者为了强调这个口头文学的方法。否则，句子可以写得比较好懂:
thus, these chicano writers, whose english-language works are sometimes uninspired, developed the powerfull and arresting languagee that characterized their spanish-language works.generally by way of the emphasis on oral literary creativeity.
意群训练：it has thus generally been by way of the emphasis on oral literary creativity that these chicano writers，whose english language works are sometimes uninspired，developed the powerful and arresting language that characterized their spanish-language works.
129、to measure them properly，monitoring equipment would have to be laid out on a grid at intervals of at most 50 kilometers，with sensors at each grid point lowered deep in the ocean and kept there for many months.
为了恰当地测量它们，监测设备必须被设置在一网络上，彼此的间距最多为五十公里，位于每个网点的感应器沉放至海洋深处，并在许多个月中一直固定在那里。 (原书无此句)
130、this declaration，which was echoed in the text of the fourteenth amendment，was designed primarily to counter the supreme court’s ruling in dred scott v. sandford that black people in the united states could be denied citizenship. （3）
这一在第十四条修正案的文本中被复述的宣言，主要是旨在对抗法院在“dred scott诉sandford”一案中的判决，此判决裁定，在美国的黑人可被剥夺公民权。
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语
解释：句中的两个插入语分别起到了两个有效的分割作用：第一个隔开了主句的主语和谓语；第二个分开了作状语的不定式中的宾语及其同位语从句。
意群训练：this declaration，which was echoed in the text of the fourteenth amendment，was designed primarily to counter the supreme court’s ruling in dred scott v. sandford that black people in the united states could be denied citizenship.
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