Question

求翻译这篇文章

Fungi, of which there are over 100,000 species, including yeasts and other
single-celled organisms as well as the common molds and mushrooms, were
formerly classified as members of the plant kingdom. However, in reality they are
very different from plants and today they are placed in a separate group altogether.
(5) The principal reason for this is that none of them possesses chlorophyll, and since
they cannot synthesize their own carbohydrates, they obtain their supplies either
from the breakdown of dead organic matter or from other living organisms.
Furthermore the walls of fungal cells are not made of cellulose, as those of plants
are, but of another complex sugarlike polymer called chitin, the material from which
(10) the hard outer skeletons of shrimps, spiders, and insects are made. The difference
between the chemical composition of the cell walls of fungi and those of plants
is of enormous importance because it enables the tips of the growing hyphae, the
threadlike cells of the fungus, to secrete enzymes that break down the walls of plant
cells without having any effect on those of the fungus itself. It is these cellulose-
(15) destroying enzymes that enable fungi to attack anything made from wood, wood
pulp, cotton, flax, or other plant material.
The destructive power of fungi is impressive. They are a major cause of structural
damage to building timbers, a cause of disease in animals and humans, and one of
the greatest causes of agricultural losses. Entire crops can be wiped out by fungal
(20) attacks both before and after harvesting. Some fungi can grow at + 50OC, while
others can grow at -5C, so even food in cold storage may not be completely safe
from them. On the other hand, fungi bring about the decomposition of dead organic
matter, thus enriching the soil and returning carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. They
also enter into a number of mutually beneficial relationships with plants and other
(25) organisms. In addition, fungi are the source of many of the most potent antibiotics
used in clinical medicine, including penicillin.

Answer 1

真菌，其中有超过100000种，包括酵母菌和其它
单细胞生物体以及常见的霉菌和蘑菇，是
曾被归类为植物王国的成员。然而，在现实中他们
非常不同的植物，今天他们被放置在一个单独的组共。
（5）这一主要原因是，他们不具有叶绿素，因为
他们不能合成自己的碳水化合物，他们获得他们的提供
从死有机物质的分解或从其他生物。
此外，真菌细胞壁不由纤维素，这些植物
是的，但另一个复杂的类糖的聚合物称为几丁质，从物质
（10）坚硬的外骨骼的虾，蜘蛛，昆虫是。的差异
对真菌细胞壁的化学组成与植物之间
极其重要，因为它使越来越多的菌丝顶端，
真菌的丝状细胞，分泌，分解植物墙酶
没有任何影响的真菌细胞。正是这些纤维素—
（15）破坏酶，使真菌攻击由木材制成的东西，木材
纸浆，棉花，亚麻，或其他植物材料。
真菌的破坏力令人印象深刻。它们的结构的一个主要原因
建筑木材损伤，在动物和人类疾病的一个原因，和一个
农业损失的主要原因。整个作物可由真菌消灭
（20）前和收获后双方的攻击。有些真菌能在50oC成长，而
别人可以生长在5C，所以甚至冷藏的食品可能不完全安全的
从他们。另一方面，真菌带来死亡的有机分解
物质，从而丰富的土壤和返回到大气中的二氧化碳。他们
同时进入的一些植物和其他的互利关系
（25）生物。此外，真菌是许多最有效的抗生素的来源
用于临床药物，包括青霉素。