Question

请高手翻译这篇文章（下），高分悬赏！！

因此，作为个人的公共管理者在公共管理这一合作体系中也会遇到处理上下级关系的问题， 并且会成为他进行日常公共管理活动的基本内容。比如， 政府中的公共管理主体需要执行上级命令和维护政府利益；政府外的公共管理组织需要处理与政府的关系、服务于社会和维护社会利益。无论是政府中的公共管理主体， 还是社会中的公共管理组织， 对于公共利益的理解都会出现偏差， 特别是如何把握长期利益与短期利益， 必定是一个时时都会碰到的难题。公共管理中存在着无法完全解决的利益矛盾甚至冲突。尽管如此， 公共管理者却不能无所作为。事实上， 在公共管理的服务定位中所派生出来的一切主动性、积极性， 都会外化为公共管理者自主地处理这些矛盾和冲突的实际行动， 进而使公共管理者不同于以往各种社会治理模式中的治理者。做到这一点， 从根本上说， 就是充分发挥公共管理者的角色意识。只要公共管理者能够对自己的职业表现出充分的自觉， 按照自己对其职业特殊性的正确理解去处理上述各种矛盾和冲突， 他就会无愧于公共管理这一职业， 并且总会达致最佳的从业效果。
在统治型社会治理模式中， 对于官吏的要求长期存在着争论。“官本位”文化的思路在终极追求中是要无条件地“忠君事主”；“民本位”文化的思路则反复申述“民贵”“君轻”的主张。管理型社会治理方式以制度的形式消解了所谓“贵”与“轻”的争论。但这种社会治理方式往往是通过间接的、迂回的途径来认识和了解公共利益的， 往往在公共利益的要求与实现之间存在着“时滞”。特别是那些已经实现了职业化的社会治理者， 缺乏积极回应公共利益要求的热情， 往往表现出我们称为“官僚主义”的那种对于公共利益的冷漠。所以， 在走向后工业社会的历史转型的过程中， 在人们期求更为进步的社会治理模式的过程中， 管理型的社会治理方式需要由更加灵活的、积极的和主动的公共管理取而代之。
对于公共管理来说， 新型的社会治理体制和制度是其赖以展开活动的前提和基础。但是， 与管理型社会治理方式不同， 治理者的职业并不只是简单地充作体制和制度的构成因素和实现途径， 而是体制和制度的必要补充。由此看来， 统治型社会治理倡导官吏忠“君”爱“民”。在君民之间出现矛盾和冲突的时候， 要么要求盲目忠君， 要么要求理性地贵“民”轻“君”。这两种选择都要求官吏在“君”与“民”之间作出选择和取舍。在统治型社会治理模式得以发生的历史背景中，“君”“民”的矛盾和冲突是无法调和的。所以， 矛盾之中会出现上面两种对立的主张， 要求官吏在两者之间择其一。管理型社会治理模式中的官员和公务人员以体制和制度作为行为选择的终极标准， 被动地接受体制中的程序驱使， 对人民、对公共利益表现出极度的冷漠。他们在公共部门中工作， 与在工厂中工作一样， 都具有工业社会特有的色彩， 属于形式化了的职业活动。与此不同， 公共管理者的职业活动发生在合作精神已经成为一种时尚文化的时代。在这种条件下， 社会在整体上不存在不可调和的矛盾和冲突。因为， 一切矛盾和冲突主要来源于不同的认识和理解。如果通过交谈和讨论能够取得共识、消解矛盾和冲突， 那么公共管理者的职业活动就是运用权力促进交谈和讨论。

Answer 1

Therefore, as individual managers of public cooperation in public management system that will be encountered in dealing with the issue of a superior-subordinate relationship, and he will become a day-to-day management activities of the public elements. For example, the Government of the need to implement the main public management and maintenance of superior orders the interests of the Government, the public management organizations need to address relationship with the Government, and serves the interests of society and maintain social. Whether the Government is in the main public administration, or social organizations in the public administration, the public will understand the interests of the deviation, in particular, how to make use of long-term interests and short-term interests, we will encounter is a constant problem. Public administration, there are not fully resolve the conflicts of interest and even conflict. Nevertheless, public managers can not do nothing. In fact, the public management of services derived by the location of all the initiative, enthusiasm, will, as independent public administrators to handle these contradictions and conflicts of practical action, making public managers is different from the past, various social governance Model of the governed. Do that, fundamentally speaking, that is, give full play to the role of managers of public awareness. As long as public administrators to the performance of their career to fully conscious, according to its own particularity of their job to deal with the correct understanding of the various contradictions and conflicts, he will be worthy of public management of this occupation, and to achieve the Federation The best business results.
Rule-based society in governance mode, the officials argue there is a long-term requirements. "Official position" cultural ideas in the ultimate pursuit is to unconditionally "Zhongjun victim"; "people-based" cultural ideas are repeated representations "your people" and "light-jun," the idea. Community-based management approach to the governance system in the form of resolution of the so-called "expensive" and "light" controversy. But this social governance is often through indirect, circuitous means to know and understand the public interest, often in the public interest and implementation of the requirements between the existence of "time-delay." Especially those who have achieved the career of social governance, lack of positive response to the enthusiasm of the public interest demands, we often show called "bureaucracy" the kind of indifference to the public interest. Therefore, in the direction of the history of post-industrial society in the process of transition, the people of the community for more progress in the process of governance model, management of the social governance needs from a more flexible, positive and proactive public administration in its place.
For public administration, the new type of social governance structure and system which commenced its activities is the prerequisite and basis. However, social governance and management of different ways, the career management is not simply used for the structure and system components and the achievement of ways, but the institutions and systems necessary complement. So, rule-based society governance advocacy officials allegiance "Jun" love "people." In-jun the contradictions and conflicts between the time, or require blind Zhongjun, or request your rational manner, "the people" light "-Jun." Both options require officials in the "Jun" and "the people" and to make a choice between choice. Rule-based society in the governance model to the historical background, "Jun" and "the people" of the contradictions and conflicts can not be reconciled. Therefore, the contradictions will appear in the above two opposing ideas, asked officials between the two optional one. Management of social governance model of officials and the public service system and the system to act as the ultimate choice of standards, a passive acceptance of the procedure-driven system, the people, and the public interest shown extreme indifference. They work in the public sector, and work in factories, industrial society have a unique color, is the formalization of professional activities. With this different, the professional activities of public managers in the spirit of cooperation has become a cultural fashion of the times. In such conditions, on the whole society does not exist irreconcilable contradictions and conflicts. This is because all the contradictions and conflicts mainly come from different awareness and understanding. If through dialogue and discussion to a consensus, remove contradictions and conflicts, then the professional activities of public managers is to use power to promote dialogue and discussion.

Answer 2

Therefore, will take individual public superintendent also to meet the processing relationship between superior and subordinate in the public administration this cooperation system the question, and will become him to carry on daily public administration the basic content. For instance, in government's public administration main body needs to carry out the higher authority order and the maintenance government benefit; Outside government's public administration organization needs to process with government's relations, serves social and the maintenance society benefit. Regardless of being in government's public administration main body, in society's public administration organization, can present the deviation regarding public interest's understanding, how specially to grasp the long-term benefit and the short-term benefit, is the difficult problem which surely can bump into at times. In the public administration has the benefit which is unable to solve completely contradictory even to conflict. For all this, the public superintendent actually cannot accomplish nothing. In fact, all initiatives which, the enthusiasm derives in public administration's service localization, can outside change into the public superintendent to process these contradictions and the conflict practical action independently, then causes the public superintendent to be different the government who governed in the pattern in formerly each kind of society. Makes this point, fundamentally speaking, is full display public superintendent's role consciousness. So long as the public superintendent can display the full determination to own occupation, processes the above each kind of contradiction and the conflict according to oneself to its professional particular correct understanding, he will have no qualms in public administration this occupation, and the general meeting will attain best is employed the effect. In the rule society governs in the pattern, regarding government official's request long-standing argument. “the officialdom standard” the cultural mentality in the ultimate pursue is must unconditionally “loyal Mr. the person concerned”; “the people standard” the cultural mentality repeatedly stated that “the people are expensive” “Mr. is light” the position. The management society governs the way dispelled by system's form so-called “expensive” and “light” the argument. But this kind of society governs the way often is through indirect, the circuitous way knows and the understanding public interest, often has “the time lag” in public interest's request with realization between. Specially these already had realized the professionalism social government, lacks responds the public interest request positively the enthusiasm, often displays we are called “the bureaucratism” that kind regarding the public interest indifference. Therefore, after the trend in industrial society's historical reforming process, in the people seek the more progressive society to govern the pattern in the process, the management society governs the way to need by more nimble, positive and an initiative public administration displaces. Regarding the public administration, the new society governs the system and the system is it depends launches active the premise and the foundation. But, governs the way with the management society to be different, not only the government occupation and acts as the system and system's constitution factor simply and realizes the way, but is the system and system's essential supplement. Therefore, the rule society governs initiates the government official to be loyal “Mr.” the love “the people”. Between the people appears in Mr. contradictory and conflicts, either requests blind loyal Mr., either requests rationally “the people” expensively light “Mr.”. These two kind of choices request the government official and “the people” between make the choice and the choices in “Mr.”. In the rule society governs in the historical perspective which the pattern can occur, “Mr.” “people” the contradiction and the conflict are unable well distributed. Therefore, in the contradiction will present the above two kind of oppositions the position, will request the government official to select between both its one. The management society governs in the pattern the official and the government workers takes the behavior choice by the system and the system the ultimate standard, accepts in system's procedure obligation passively, to the people, displays the extreme indifference to the public interest. They work in the Public sector, with works in the factory is the same, has the industrial society unique color, belongs to formalized occupation activity. With this different, the public superintendent's occupation activity occurred in the team spirit already became one fashionable cultural the time. Under this kind of condition, the society does not have the irreconcilable contradiction and the conflict in the whole. Because, all contradictions and conflict important source in different understanding and understanding. If can reach the mutual recognition, the resolution contradiction and the conflict through the conversation and the discussion, then the public superintendent's occupation activity is utilizes the authority promotion conversation and the discussion.

Answer 3

楼上的2位朋友，主人有说用英文翻译吗？