Question

法学论文中文摘要英译

论文题目：股权出资法律问题研究
关键字：股权 出资 资本
摘要正文：传统公司资本制度主要是以下三种：法定资本制、授权资本制和折衷资本制，在明确公司资本制度的基础上，又确立了传统公司资本原则，即资本确定原则、资本不变原则和资本维持原则。随着各国对公司资本制度功能转变的深入探究以及立法实践的证明，资本信用已逐步淡出，而转变为资产信用，此举更是为出资形式的扩展奠定了现实基础。
股权是一种独立存在的综合性权利，不同类型公司股权在转让方面也有一定的差异，在股权出资之前需要审慎判定拟出资股权是否适合出资。判断股权是否可以作为出资形式，就需对股权出资的适格性进行研究，笔者主要参照日本法学家志村治美在其《现物出资研究》一书中关于现物出资适格性的“四要件说”即确定性、现存的价值物、评价可能性和独立转让可能四个要件，对股权出资的适格性予以论证。
两大法系国家在股权出资方面的规制有较大差异，以美国为代表的英美法系国家对出资方式较为宽松，可以用债权、股权、劳务、信用等出资。但以德国、日本为主的大陆法系国家对出资方式的规制则较为保守，不允许劳务、信用等出资，对股权出资方式也是制定了较为严谨的程序。笔者介绍了上述几个国家对股权出资的法律规制概况。
在阐述股权出资合法性的基础上，再深入研究股权出资对公司、经济环境可能带来的利处和弊处，在股权出资实践操作中衡量其利弊作用，对日后或有的法律风险作出预判断和预防。
股权出资所面临的法律问题，一般分为两种，一种是股权出资前该股权就存在瑕疵，即因瑕疵股权的出资而导致股权出资产生法律问题；另一种是在股权出资过程中在评估、履行程序中违法了法律规定，造成股权出资法律问题。
在对股权出资作了若干方面的理论性论述后，因其本身价值的不确定性和操作上的不规范性，会对股权公司、被投资公司、公司债权人及公司中小股东的利益等造成一定的法律风险，笔者从五个方面对股权出资提出法律建议，即严格限定出资条件、评估验资程序的管控、股权出资的信息披露、股权出资的限度和股权再投资的限制和股权出资填补责任。

Answer 1

Legal Issues of equity contribution
Keywords: equity investment capital
Abstract text:The traditional system of company capital is mainly the following three: legal capital system, the authorized capital system and compromise the capital system, a clear system based on the company's capital, but also established the principle of the traditional capital, that the principle of capital determination, the same principles of capital and capital maintain the principle. As the national capital system features the company's in-depth exploration and legislative changes in practice proved that the credit is phasing out the capital, and assets of the credit into the move is an extension for the investment in the form laid a basis in reality.
Equity is a comprehensive right to independent existence, in the transfer of different types of equity also have some differences in the equity capital to be invested before the need to carefully determine the suitability of investment options. Determine options are available as investment in the form to be on the equity capital of eligibility to study, I mainly refer to the Japanese jurists Shimura rule the United States in its "current physical investment research," a book on the current property investment eligibility of the "four elements said, "that uncertainty, the value of existing properties, and independent evaluation of the possibility of transfer of the four elements may be on the equity capital of eligibility to be demonstrated.
Two Legal countries in terms of equity investment regulations are quite different, as the representative of the United States common law countries, more relaxed way of contribution, you can use debt, equity, labor, credit and other funding. But in Germany, Japan-based civil law countries regulate the way of investment is more conservative, does not allow labor, credit and other financing, equity capital of the way they are developed more stringent procedures. The author describes several of these countries share capital of the legal regulation profiles.
In explaining the basis of legitimacy of equity capital, equity capital further in-depth study of the company, the economic environment at the potential benefits and drawbacks in practical operation in the measure of equity capital the role of the pros and cons, or any future legal risk to pre- Judgement and prevention.
Equity contribution of the legal problems faced by, generally divided into two types of equity capital before the share to the existence of defects, that is, equity capital due to defects caused by legal issues arising equity contribution; the other is in the process of equity investment assessment, performance of the program violated the law, legal problems caused by equity investment.
Equity investment made in a number of aspects of theoretical discourse, the value of their own uncertainty and operational not standardized, will share the company, the investee company, its creditors and the interests of minority shareholders and other companies to a certain legal risk, the author of five aspects of equity capital from a legal recommendation that the conditions of strictly limited funding, assessment verification process control, information disclosure of equity capital, equity investment limits and restrictions on investment in equity and equity re-investment to fill the responsibility.