Question

帮忙翻译下以下内容，80财富悬赏，翻译得好可以翻倍给。 要求今天24:00前有结果。

冻土的物理、力学和热学性质均与温度密切相关。就热学而言，热收支是衡量自然冻土和冻土区各种工程稳定性的重要指标。目前，热收支计算还主要是通过导热系数来计算通过活动层的热流。盛煜（2002，2003）计算并比较了天然地面和路基中心孔路面下通过0.5～1.0 m土层的热流[1-2]。盛煜（2003）利用保温板上下面温度曲线对时间求积分，再乘以导热系数就得到了通过保温板的热流[3]。孙志忠（2004）比较了块碎石层下0.2～0.7 m范围内的热流通量，证明块石的降温效果更好些[4]。牛富俊（2003）计算了通风管路基2.5～3.0 m含土冰层的热流量[5]。俞祁浩（2004）推导出在试验条件下热量比等于温差比，来比较自控与无自控通风管路基的效果[6]。俞祁浩（2009）选取温度场稳定且基本没有发生相变的3.0～3.5 m含土冰层进行计算，来比较拥有自控系统和没有自控系统的通风路基的热流量（收支）和热流密度[7]。吴青柏（2005，2008）分析了块石路基下0.5～1.0 m土层的热收支[8-9]。于晖（2009）通过比较路基下原天然上限处和天然孔上限处热流和热收支的变化，来解释路基下冻土上限抬升的现象[10]。
悬赏已追加至130财富，回答截止时间放宽至3.1日21:00。

Answer 1

The physical, mechanical and thermal properties of the permafrost are closely linked with temperature. In terms of thermal property, heat budget is an important indicator to measure the stability of natural permafrost and that of projects in permafrost regions. At present, the heat budget is mainly gained by calculating the heat flow through the active layer with the thermal conductivity. The heat flux between 0.5 and 1.0 m depths under the natural ground and that under the embankment (center hole) were calculated and compared (Sheng et al., 2002, 2003a). The heat flux through insulation board was gained with time quadrature of the temperature curves above and below the insulation board and the thermal conductivity of the board (Sheng et al., 2003b). The heat flux between 0.2 and 0.7 m depths under block-rock layer and that under crushed stone layer was compared, and proved that the cooling effect under block-rock layer is better (Sun et al., 2004). The heat flow between 2.5 and 3.0 m depths under duck-ventilated embankment was calculated (Niu et al., 2003). It was deduced that the ratio of difference in temperature equals to the heat radio in its experimental conditions, and the effect of auto-temperature-controlled ventilation embankment and ordinary ventilation embankment was compared (Yu et al., 2004). The layer between 3.0 and 3.5 m depths was selected to calculated heat budget, of which was constituted with thermal stable soil-poor ice, and the heat budget and heat flux of auto-temperature-controlled ventilation embankment and ordinary ventilation embankment was compared (Yu et al., 2009). The heat budget between 0.5 and 1.0 m depths under block-rock layer embankment was analyzed (Wu et al., 2005, 2008). With comparing the heat flux and heat budget between the natural permafrost and that of the embankment, the uplift of the permafrost table was explained after embankment construction (Yu et al., 2009).

Answer 2

Frost earth's physical, mechanics and thermal properties are closely linked with temperature. In terms of thermal property, heat budget is an important indication of engineering stability of natural frost earth and frost earth region. At present, heat budget is used to measure heat flux at mobile layer mainly through coefficient of heat conductivity. Sheng Yu measured and compared different heat flux that goes through soil lay with 0.5～1.0 m thick under natural ground and roadbed.

Answer 3

The physical,dynamic and thermal properties of tundra are all closely connected to its temperature. In thermotics, the heat budget is crucial to measure all kinds of project stablities of natural tundra and permafrost regions. But currently, it is mainly calculated by the heat flux passing through the active layers with the thermal coefficient. Yu Sheng(2002,2003), has calculated and compared the heat flux[1-2] of 0.5m-1.0m soil layers below the ground floor and the subgrade surfaceformation. he(2003) also calculated the integral of time with the temperature curve of both sides of the insulation board, this way the heat flow through the board comes out easily if we multiply the result by the thermal coefficient.
Zhizhong Sun(2004) did the comparision of the heat flux in an area of 0.2m-0.7m below between the stone and rubble layers and came to the conslusion that rubbles did a better job in desuperheating.[4] Fujun Niu(2003) also calculated the flux of the ice-soil layer from 2.5m to 3.0m of the vent-pipe bed . The effects of automatic vent-pipe and the normal one can also be compared due to the deduction by Qihao Yu that the ratio of difference in temperature equals to the heat radio in experimental conditions. Qihao Yu did his calculations by choosing the stable-temperaturefielded ice-soil of 3.0m-3.5m whose temperatre is rarely changed , then compared the heat flux(budget) and heat density of the automatic and the non-automatic vent pipe beds. Qingbo Wu(2005,2008) analysized the heat budget of 0.5m-1.0m soil layer below the stone-bed.[8-9] Hui Yu(2009) has explained why the upper limit of the tundra below the subgrade has uplifted by comparing the changes of the heat flux and heat budget from the natural orifice upper limit and the original one.[10]

全手工完成，段中可能有些专业术语翻译不当，请谅解。
希望对你有所帮助。

Answer 4

The frozen soil physical, mechanical and thermal properties are closely related with temperature.
Just for heat, heat balance of payments is a natural and frozen all kinds of permafrost measure an important index of the engineering stability.
At present, the calculation of heat budget is mainly through the coefficient of thermal conductivity to calculate through the activities of heat flow layer.
ChengYu (2002200 3) are calculated and compared the natural ground and roadbed center hole under the road by 0.5 ~ 1.0 m soil layer of heat flow [1-2].
ChengYu (2003) using insulation board, with the temperature curve of time for integral, again multiply coefficient of thermal conductivity is got through the insulation board heat flux [3].
SunZhiZhong (2004) compared the gravel layer of 0.2 ~ 0.7 m within the scope of the heat flux, proof of the stone cooling effect better [4].
NiuFuJun (2003) calculated the ventilation tube embankment 2.5 ~ 3.0 m including soil ice heat flow [5].
YuQiHao (2004) the authors deduce the test conditions than temperature is equal to the quantity of heat than to compare with no control ventilation tube control of roadbed effect [6].
YuQiHao (2009) select temperature field and stable and basic no phase change of 3.0 ~ 3.5 m including soil calculated the ice, to compare with automatic control system and no automatic control system of roadbed the ventilation of the flux (income and expenses) and heat flux [7].
WuQingBai (2005200 8) analyzes the block-stone embankment 0.5 ~ 1.0 m of the soil layer heat budget [8-9].
YuHui (2009) through the comparison of the original natural limit place and natural hole in the upper limit of heat flow and thermal balance changes, to explain the uplift of the upper limit of permafrost phenomenon [10].

Answer 5

The physical, mechanical and thermal properties of the permafrost and temperature are closely related. Terms of thermal, thermal balance of payments is an important indicator to measure a variety of engineering stability of natural permafrost and the permafrost zone. At present, the heat budget calculation to calculate the heat flow through the active layer of the thermal conductivity. Sheng Yu (2002, 2003) Calculate and compare the pavement under the natural ground and embankment center hole by 0.5 to 1.0 m, soil heat flux [1-2]. Sheng Yu (2003), the use of insulation board below the temperature curve of time quadrature, multiplied by the thermal conductivity, heat flow through the insulation board [3]. Zhi-Zhong Sun (2004) compared the heat flux within the 0.2 to 0.7 m in the crushed rock layer, and prove that the cooling effect of the stone is better [4]. Niu Fu Jun (2003) calculated the heat flow [5] of Ventilated Embankment 2.5 to 3.0 m including soil ice. Yu Qi Hao (2004) deduced that the heat under the experimental conditions equal to the difference in temperature, to compare the effect of self-control and no self-control ventilation pipe subgrade [6]. Yu Qi Hao (2009) to select the stability of the temperature field and basically did not occur to the phase change of 3.0 to 3.5 m, including soil ice is calculated to compare the automatic control system and automatic control system of ventilation roadbed of the heat flow (income and expenditure) and heat flux [7 ]. Wu QB (2005,2008) analyzed the heat budget of 0.5 ~ 1.0 m soil block stone embankment [8-9]. Hui (2009) through changes in heat flow and thermal balance of the natural permafrost Department and the Office of the upper limit of natural holes in the comparison under the embankment, to explain the upper limit of permafrost under the roadbed uplift phenomenon [10].

Answer 6

Frozen soil physical, mechanical and thermal properties are closely related with the temperature. On the thermal, thermal balance was measured in frozen soil and permafrost zone natural engineering stability index. At present, heat balance calculation is mainly through the thermal conductivity can be calculated through the active layer of heat flow. Sheng Yu ( 20022003) are calculated and compared to the natural ground and roadbed pavement through the center hole of the 0.5 ~ 1 m soil heat flux [ 1-2]. Sheng Yu ( 2003) the use of thermal insulation board below the temperature curve on the time for integration, multiplied by the coefficient of thermal conductivity is obtained through the heat insulation board [ 3]. Sun Zhizhong ( 2004) compares the crushed stone layer under 0.2 ~ 0.7 m within the scope of the heat flux, prove stone cooling effects better [4 ]. Niu Fujun ( 2003) calculates the ventilated embankment of 2.5 ~ 3 m containing earth ice thermal flow [5 ]. Yu Qihao ( 2004) is derived under the test conditions of heat ratio equal to the temperature difference ratio, to compare the automatic control and automatic control of ventilation pipeline embankment effect [6 ]. Yu Qihao ( 2009) selection of stable temperature field and no phase transition of 3 ~ 3.5 m containing earth ice is calculated, compared with automatic control system and automatic control system of ventilated embankment thermal flow ( balance ) and heat flux [7 ]. Wu Qingbai ( 20052008) analysis of block stone embankment under 0.5 ~ 1 m soil heat balance [ 8-9 ]. Yu Hui ( 2009) by comparing the subgrade under the original natural permafrost table and natural orifice cap flux and heat balance changes, to explain the frozen soil under the roadbed cap lifting phenomenon [10