Question

请问下面一句话怎么翻译？

请问下面一句话怎么翻译？Observations that are falsifying instances of theories may at times be treated as “anomalies,” tolerated without falsifying the theory in the hope that the anomalies may eventually be explained.上下文是：Some 20th-century philosophers of science, most notably Thomas Kuhn, emphasized the role of the scientific community in judging the validity of scientific theories. These critics of the conjecture-and-refutation model suggested that the refutation of a theory involves making a choice. Every observation is itself dependent on theories. For example, observing the moons of Jupiter through a telescope seems to us like a direct observation, but only because the theory of optics on which the telescope is based is so well accepted. When confronted with a refuting observation, a scientist faces the choice of rejecting either the validity of the theory being tested or the validity of the refuting observation, which itself must be premised on scientific theories that are not certain. Observations that are falsifying instances of theories may at times be treated as “anomalies,” tolerated without falsifying the theory in the hope that the anomalies may eventually be explained. An epidemiologic example is the observation that shallow-inhaling smokers had higher lung cancer rates than deep-inhaling smokers. This anomaly was eventually explained when it was noted that lung tissue higher in the lung is more susceptible to smoking-associated lung tumors, and shallowly inhaled smoke tars tend to be deposited higher in the lung.谢谢。

Answer 1

观察是伪造实例理论有时被视为“异常”,容忍没有伪造理论在此希望异常可能最终被解释。文下上是:一些20世纪的科学哲学家,最明显的是托马斯·库恩,强调角色的科学界在判断科学理论的有效性。这些批评者的猜想与反驳模型建议驳斥的理论需要做出选择。每一个观察本身就是依赖理论。例如,观察木星的卫星通过望远镜似乎我们像一个直接观察,但仅仅是因为该理论的光学望远镜的基础是非常接受。当面对一个反驳的观察,科学家所面临的选择是,要么拒绝的有效性测试理论的有效性或驳斥,这本身必须观察基于科学理论,是不确定的。观察是伪造实例理论有时被视为“异常”,容忍没有伪造理论在此希望异常可能最终被解释。一个例子是,流行病学观察浅吸入吸烟者肺癌有较高的利率比深吸入吸烟者。这个异常是最终解释说当时指出,肺组织肺高更容易吸烟相关的肺肿瘤,浅浅地吸入烟焦油往往是沉积在肺部的更高

Answer 2

句中的 falsifying = "证实为错" 或 "判定为错"

所以，该句的建议译文如下：
当一些观察结果展示出，某些理论所阐述的情况显然有错时，往往不是就此判定该理论有错，而是把观察结果当成只是例外情形而被暂时包容下来，并希望这个例外情况最终可以由现有的理论加以解释。

追问

falsifying有这个意思吗，这句话关键就在于falsifying的意思。
谢谢啊。

追答

是的，falsifying 确实有 "证实为错" 的意思。以下是从网上的有道词典复制过来的解释：
--- 来自有道的解释（英汉释义部份） ---
falsify
vt. 伪造；篡改；歪曲；证明...虚假
vi. 撒谎

--- 来自有道的解释（英英释义部份） ---
falsify
v.
1.make false by mutilation or addition; as of a message or story
2. fake or falsify
3. prove false
4. falsify knowingly
5. insert words into texts, often falsifying it thereby

--- 以上是来自有道的解释 ---

请注意 "英英释义部份" 的第 3 项解释（prove false）。

其实，falsification 这个概念，似乎是 Karl Popper 最先提出，是他建议用来界定真科学与伪科学的其中一项标准，中文一般把把译作 "证伪"（即 "证实为错或假" 的意思）。以下一句，是出自 Karl R. Popper 一篇名为 "Science as Falsification" 的文章，与 Thomas Kuhn 的 paradigm 学说似乎有点渊源。谨在此贴出，供楼主参考。他说：
"Every genuine test of a theory is an attempt to falsify it, or to refute it."

Answer 3

证明理论是错误的观测结果有时被视为“反常现象”，这些观测结果被容许存在却并不证明力理论是错的，希望有天可以解释这些反常现象。