Question

各位英语高手救命啊！急求翻译汉译英！最高分给你了！

第一部分
在讨论中国乡村民间信仰的构成时，祭祀圈无疑是一项重要的理论工具。但是，祭祀圈作为来自于人类学的一种分析概念或工具，本身必然带有某种简练的、理想化的色彩，其着重点是在于对象的理论化与概念化，而且在具体研究中似乎也更重视共时性的分析。
陈春声教授在其关于樟木神庙系统的研究中，就针对常见分析框架下，祭祀圈概念被理解为“一种比较确定的，可满足共时性研究需要的人群地域关系”提出了质疑，认为实际情况要复杂得多，樟木神庙系统“乡村庙宇的空间的空间格局及其内部关系，是在长期的历史变迁中沉淀的结果”，应该更注重对信仰空间之所以存在的历史过程和历史场景的了解。基于这样的原因，他提出了信仰空间的概念，试图以此来概括当地民间信仰的形态与内容。（注释1，参见陈春声：《信仰空间与社区历史的演变——以樟木的神庙系统为例》，《清史研究》1992年第3期。）而郑振满先生则通过对莆田江口平原个案的研究，指出“以祭祀圈为标志的地域组织并不是台湾移民社会的特殊历史产物，而是中国传统社会的普遍现象”，而江口平原的神庙祭典比祭祀圈有着更为丰富的内涵，而且其发展不仅仅是地域社会自我组织的过程，同时也受到官方意识形态与政治体制的制约。（注释2，参见郑振满：《神庙祭典与社区发展模式——以莆田江口平原为例证》，《史林》1995年第1期。）
本文所考察的庙届这一来自民间的概念，应该比祭祀圈具有更强的解释能力，或许能帮助我们较好地展示明清江南地方民间信仰系统的历史过程，我们试图通过它进入江南乡村的信仰世界。
第二部分
在江南，所谓庙届的产生，就其原初意义而言，无疑指的是以土地庙为中心的一个地域范畴的概念，在这一个范围内出现了相应的祭祀组织及其活动，大致可以被看作是是作为明清时代江南地区的基本聚落形态而存在的。明代中后期以后，随着江南商品经济的发展和市镇的兴起，使得本来只存在于乡村的庙届的概念也被移植到了市镇中，以镇城隍为代表的一些市镇神灵成为了市镇中庙届的中心，这在江南民间信仰的领域是一个新现象。

Answer 1

The first part In discussing the country folk beliefs, undoubtedly constitute sacrifice circle is an important theoretical tool. But, as sacrifice from an anthropological concept analysis tools, or with a concise itself necessarily, idealized colors, the focus is the theoretical and conceptual object, and study on specific also seems to be more attention synchronic analysis. ChenChunSheng professor in the temple on the system research camphorwood, according to common analysis framework, concept of sacrifice circle "a determined, can satisfy the need of synchronic study regional relationship" crowd was put forward that situation is much more complicated, camphorwood temple system "country of the temple of the spatial pattern of space and its internal relations in the long history, is the result of precipitation changes, should pay more attention to the space for the historical process and historical scenes. Based on the causes of this belief, he puts forward the concept of space, in an attempt to summarize the local folk beliefs of the form and content. (note 1, see ChenChunSheng: the evolution of history and community - with camphorwood temple system as an example, the QingShi research in 1992, vol. But Mr ZhengZhenMan through plains of putian river mouth, and pointed out that "the case study to sacrifice for the regional organizations and not sign the immigrant society in Taiwan, but a special historical product of Chinese traditional social phenomenon", and river mouth plain temple ceremonies have more than sacrifice to circle the rich connotation, and its development is not only the process of self-organizing regional society, but also by official ideology and political system. (note 2, see ZhengZhenMan: the temple ceremonies and community development mode in putian river mouth plains -- for example, the ShiLin 1995). This paper examines the temple of this from the concept of folk, should better than sacrifice circle explanation, perhaps can help us to better qing jiangnan local folk beliefs of the display system, we tried to the historical process by which the world into jiangnan belief.The third part But the probe into the temple, in essence or inherited rural TuDeMiao above the temple, in this sense, the town is not necessarily to probe into the land is over other gods, instead of qualification in some cases both showed a mutual equality, which, of course, also does not preclude some town land may become god probe into the "solution" object. Neither accuse any falsely; However, the temple in towns and villages exist at the same time, perhaps is from one side of the qing dynasty show the jiangnan town and country in which fundamentally homology. In fact, in the town and countryside, and the south began to convert was also is very common, the distinction between town and township may not we imagine so big: If the songjiang "huating vaton west, with ancient temple, elk cloud come as earth god... vaton reason grass. Before metallocene three hundred city, town, not to the micro shallow, not attached to the kingdom of books, ErKuang county is a temple. ChengHua clockwise, ChengPing National Day, LvYan number for enrichment, concentrated on the mesiodens aril steadily since HongZhi, communications, and politeness. Look, has both the name list the plai brahmachari, and also between the temple in the monastic, wet, the temple, pray that keep clothes crested without, and the optimal event. The husband yesterday, and then the micro also shows the character and, if this atmosphere, but also intrinsic force of god is not too. But today for 339 years, wind, and sell the house Yi also." (the book songjiang jiaqing 18 volumes of the building).

Answer 2

The first part In discussing the country folk beliefs, undoubtedly constitute sacrifice circle is an important theoretical tool. But, as sacrifice from an anthropological concept analysis tools, or with a concise itself necessarily, idealized colors, the focus is the theoretical and conceptual object, and study on specific also seems to be more attention synchronic analysis. ChenChunSheng professor in the temple on the system research camphorwood, according to common analysis framework, concept of sacrifice circle "a determined, can satisfy the need of synchronic study regional relationship" crowd was put forward that situation is much more complicated, camphorwood temple system "country of the temple of the spatial pattern of space and its internal relations in the long history, is the result of precipitation changes, should pay more attention to the space for the historical process and historical scenes. Based on the causes of this belief, he puts forward the concept of space, in an attempt to summarize the local folk beliefs of the form and content. (note 1, see ChenChunSheng: the evolution of history and community - with camphorwood temple system as an example, the QingShi research in 1992, vol. But Mr ZhengZhenMan through plains of putian river mouth, and pointed out that "the case study to sacrifice for the regional organizations and not sign the immigrant society in Taiwan, but a special historical product of Chinese traditional social phenomenon", and river mouth plain temple ceremonies have more than sacrifice to circle the rich connotation, and its development is not only the process of self-organizing regional society, but also by official ideology and political system. (note 2, see ZhengZhenMan: the temple ceremonies and community development mode in putian river mouth plains -- for example, the ShiLin 1995). This paper examines the temple of this from the concept of folk, should better than sacrifice circle explanation, perhaps can help us to better qing jiangnan local folk beliefs of the display system, we tried to the historical process by which the world into jiangnan belief.The third part But the probe into the temple, in essence or inherited rural TuDeMiao above the temple, in this sense, the town is not necessarily to probe into the land is over other gods, instead of qualification in some cases both showed a mutual equality, which, of course, also does not preclude some town land may become god probe into the "solution" object. Neither accuse any falsely; However, the temple in towns and villages exist at the same time, perhaps is from one side of the qing dynasty show the jiangnan town and country in which fundamentally homology. In fact, in the town and countryside, and the south began to convert was also is very common, the distinction between town and township may not we imagine so big: If the songjiang "huating vaton west, with ancient temple, elk cloud come as earth god... vaton reason grass. Before metallocene three hundred city, town, not to the micro shallow, not attached to the kingdom of books, ErKuang county is a temple. ChengHua clockwise, ChengPing National Day, LvYan number for enrichment, concentrated on the mesiodens aril steadily since HongZhi, communications, and politeness. Look, has both the name list the plai brahmachari, and also between the temple in the monastic, wet, the temple, pray that keep clothes crested without, and the optimal event. The husband yesterday, and then the micro also shows the character and, if this atmosphere, but also intrinsic force of god is not too. But today for 339 years, wind, and sell the house Yi also."

Answer 3

During the discussion of Chinese countryside, when the composition of folk belief, the religious sphere is an important instrument of the theory.

However, from the religious sphere as a kind of anthropological analysis of the concept or the instrument itself is bound with a simple and ideal color, and its object is the focus of the theory and conceptualization, but it seems that in the specific study also pay more attention to synchronic analysis.

) And Mr. Zheng Zhenman Putian Jiangkou through plain case of research, pointing out that "in the religious sphere, marked by the geographical organization of Taiwanese immigrants is not the particular history of a product of society, the traditional Chinese society but the general situation" and the Temple of Jiangkou Plain Festival more than the religious sphere has rich connotations, and its development is not just the geographical process of self-organized society, but also by the official ideology and political system constraints. (Note 2, see Zheng Man: "temple ceremonies and community development model - to Putian Plain Jiangkou for example," "史林" 1995 1.

) In this paper the study session of the temple from the concept of civil society, it should be stronger than the religious sphere of explanatory power, perhaps to help us better place to display the Ming and Qing Jiangnan folk belief system, historical process, we tried to enter through its Jiangnan Village world of faith.

In Gangnam, the emergence of the so-called Temple session, on its original meaning, no doubt, refers to as the center is a土地庙geographical scope of the concept, in that there is a scope of the corresponding religious organizations and their activities can be broadly as a time as the Ming and Qing Jiangnan region, the basic settlement pattern exists.

After the mid-and late Ming Dynasty, with the southern economic development and the merchandise of the rise of towns, the countryside would have existed only in the concept of session of the temple have also been transplanted to the town, the temple town in a number of towns represented by the gods in the temple town became a session the center of folk beliefs in the southern areas are a new phenomenon.

Answer 4

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