Question

请高手帮忙翻译一下这几段文字，万分感谢！

To such enlightened teachers, the study of language and linguistics involves more than mere mastery of mechanics. Instead, they are committed to a dynamic and intellectual environment that stimulates thought, discussion and analysis. Third, the vast majority of language teachers have been exposed to professional education courses or experiences, which have helped prepare them to become the master teachers that they are.
Some years ago I wrote an article entitled, "Toward a Lapse Theory of Teacher Preparation" aimed at providing guidance for prospective teachers and administrators in English as a Second or Foreign Language. The word "LAPSE," however, did not refer to "lapsus linguae" or slips of the tongue, but rather, served as an organizing acronym for the kind of courses or experiences that should be included in any teacher education program in English for speakers of other languages. While this article referred to the TESOL Guidelines for the Certification and Preparation of Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages in the United States, these attributes were equally, though conversely, applicable to teachers of the "other" foreign languages in the U.S. or abroad.
With this as a background, let me spell out the broad, basic principles upon which such preparation has been based: The L, in LAPSE, stands for linguistics and includes introduction to linguistics, phonetics and phonemics, morphology and syntax, semantics (i.e., sound, form, and meaning) and contrastive linguistic and cultural analysis of both the source language (i.e., the student's home language) and the target language (i.e., the language being learned). The L also stands for the language of the student, and may also be extended to the study of Literature.
The A stands for anthropology, or anthropological linguistics, and is well covered by general courses on cultural anthropology or specific courses entitled 'Language and Culture.' The P stands for Psycholinguistics, or the psychology of language acquisition in general. It includes behavioral, cognitive, cooperative, and associative psychology and their interaction with linguistics and language teaching and learning in general. It also includes learner strategies, of which Dr. Anna Uhl Chamot, my co-director, is universally recognized as one of the world's leading experts and proponents.
The S stands for sociolinguistics (i.e., language in culture and society), and refers to the social, regional, functional, and historical varieties of language. It also includes pragmatics, or language use in context of situation, and discourse analysis, or language beyond the sentence in all forms and modes. My Georgetown colleagues Dr. Deborah Tannen and Heidi Hamilton are among the world's leading scholars in this rapidly expanding field.
请不要用机器翻译。

Answer 1

这种开明的老师，学习语言及语言学涉及的不仅仅是掌握技工。相反，他们都承诺建立一个充满活力和智慧的环境，激发思考，讨论和分析。第三，广大语文教师已被揭穿，以专业教育课程或经验，这有助于他们做好准备，要成为硕士教师表示，他们的影响。
几年前，我写了一篇文章，题目是"迈向事隔理论的老师准备好" ，目的是提供指导，为教师和行政人员在英语作为第二语言或外国语言。用"失效" ，但没有提及"失误语"或缆的舌头，而是充当了一个组织的缩写，该种课程或经验，应包括在任何教师学习教育活动，在英语议长其他语言的。虽然这条转介至tesol指引，以供认证和准备，教师的英语发言的其他语言，在美国，这些特质也同样，虽然反过来说，适用于教师的"其他"外语，在美国还是在国外。
以此为背景，让我清楚说明了广阔的，基本原则后，这些准备工作都是基于： L时，在事隔，主张语言学及包括语言学概论，语音和音位，词法和句法，语义（即健全，形式，以及意义） ，并对比语言和文化的分析都源语（即，学生的家庭语言）和目标语（即，语文作为教训） 。的L也主张语文的学生，也有可能扩展到文学研究。
在A主张人类学或人类学，语言学，而且是涵盖一般课程，文化人类学或特定的课程题为'语言和文化。为P缩写，心理语言学，或心理学的语言习得的一般问题。它包括行为，认知，合作，联想心理学与彼此互动与语言学与语言教学与学习的一般问题。它也包括学习者策略，其中博士安娜乌赫尔查莫特，我的共同主任，成为举世公认的世界上的一个主要专家和倡议者。
标普主张社会语言学（即语文，在文化和社会等） ，并指给社会，区域，功能和历史品种的语言。它也包括语用学，或语用学的背景情况，并话语分析，或语言超越了一句在所有形式和活动方式。我的同事乔治敦博士德博拉和海蒂哈密尔顿是世界上的知名学者在这一迅速扩大的外地。

Answer 2

太多了，分几段来解答估计效果比较好